Application Prospects of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia and the Challenges Encountered

Table 1

Summary of study characteristics extracted from induced animal experiments.

Author (year)	Oxygen concentration	Dose (per animal), time (hours), method	Time of assessment	Outcomes
van Haaften (2009)	95%	(1) BMSC, P4, IT; (2) BMSC , P14, IT	P21, P4	Alveolarization, lung angiogenesis, PH, exercise capacity, survival rate
Aslam (2009)	75%	(1) cells P4, IV; (2) BMSC-CM 50 μl, P4, IV	P5/P14	Alveolarization, lung inflammation, PH, vascular injury
Chang (2009)	95%	(1) cells, P5, IT; (2) cells, P5, IP	P14	Weight, survival, alveolarization, apoptosis, lung inflammation, and fibrosis
Chang (2011)	95%	(1) cells; (2) cells; (3) cells, P5, IT	P14	Weight, survival, alveolarization, apoptosis, lung inflammation, MPO activity, lung fibrosis, oxidative stress
Chang (2013)	90%	cells P3/P10/P3+P10, IT	P1, P3, P5, P7, P10; P14, P21	Weight, survival, alveolarization, apoptosis, lung inflammation, fibrosis, oxidative stress
Zhang (2012)	95%	cells, P10, IV	P13, P17, P24	Weight gain, lung inflammation, alveolarization, tissue cytokine
Waszak (2012)	95%	1 ml/kg, P0-P20, IP	P21	Alveolarization, pH, PA remodeling
Sutsko (2013)	90%	(1) cells, P9, IT; (2) 0.05 ml MSC-CM, IT	P16, P30, P100	Alveolarization, lung angiogenesis and inflammation, PH
Pierro (2013)	95%	(1) MSCs, P4, IT; (2) MSCs, P14, IT; (3) 7 μl/g CdM, P4-P21, IP; (4) 7 μl/g CdM, P14-P28, IP	P22, P35, P6 months	Alveolarization, PA remodeling, PH, lung angiogenesis, function, exercise capacity
Ahn (2013)	90%	cells, P5, IT	P70	Alveolarization, lung inflammation, angiogenesis, safety, weight, survival rate
Sung (2015)	90%	(1) cells P5, IT; (2) cells P5, IV	P14	Alveolarization, lung inflammation; Cell death, fibrosis
Ahn (2015)	90%	(1) hUB-MSC cells; (2) AT MSC cells; (3) hUB-MNC cells; P5, IT	P7, P14	Alveolarization, lung inflammation, angiogenesis
Gulasi (2016)	85-95%	(1) cells; (2) Culture medium 25 μl; (3) Remaining medium 25 μl, P11, IT	P10, P60	Lung/body weight, alveolarization, lung fibrosis, inflammation

Abbreviations: P: postnatal; IV: intravenous; IT: intratracheal; IP: intraperitoneal; IN: intranasal; PASMC: pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell; CM: conditioned media; MSC: mesenchymal stem/stromal cell; PH: pulmonary hypertension; PA: pulmonary artery; BASC: bronchoalveolar stem cell; MPO: myeloperoxidase; UCB: umbilical cord blood; hUCT: human umbilical cord tissue; AT: adipose tissue; KGF: keratinocyte growth factor; CdM: chemically defined media; P38MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase.