Abstract
Background. Infective endocarditis (IE) has a high rate of mortality and the prognosis of IE was poor. The purpose of this investigation was to explore the value of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)/lymphocyte and compare it with LDH/lymphocyte percentage (L-LWR) in predicting the in-hospital mortality in IE patients. Methods. The investigation cohort contained 147 IE patients between January 2017 and December 2019. We retrospectively went over the medical records and selected admission indexes. Results. Compared with IE patients with adverse events, significantly higher levels of LDH/lymphocyte and significantly lower levels of L-LWR were discovered in IE patients without adverse events. After adjustments, L-LWR (odds ratio (OR): 4.558, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.362-15.256, ) still maintained its significant independence. In addition, L-LWR had the highest area under curve (AUC) (0.780, 0.704-0.844, ) with good sensitivity (81.89%) and specificity (65.00%) when 34 was selected as the best cutoff value. Conclusions. L-LWR is a reliable, low-priced, easily applicable, and independent prognostic parameter for in-hospital death with good performance in patients with IE.
1. Introduction
Infective endocarditis (IE), as one of the infectious diseases, has a high rate of mortality [1]. Looking back at the past, the etiology and epidemiology of IE have altered [2]. However, with the development of the diagnostic and therapy tools, the prognosis of IE has not been significantly improved. The clinical manifestations of IE is affected by varying factors, including advanced age, underlying disease, and complications [3]. Thus, timely and accurate diagnosis, prognosis, and administration of IE patients are significant.
The lymphocyte percentage (LWR) was an effective prognostic tool for patients with colorectal cancer [4]. Lactate dehydrogenase/lymphocyte (LDH/lymphocyte) is associated with mortality in COVID-19 patients [5, 6]. However, there is no study that assessed the role of LDH/lymphocyte or LDH/LWR (named as L-LWR) in IE patients. Therefore, we conducted the work to explore the value of LDH/lymphocyte and L-LWR and compare them in predicting the in-hospital mortality in IE patients.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
The investigation cohort contained 147 IE patients (confirmed by the modified Duke criteria [7]) who were admitted to the hospital between January 2017 and December 2019. We retrospectively went over the medical records and selected these indexes including blood culture results, surgical treatment (during the hospital), demographic characteristics, microbiological parameters, blood routine parameters, transaminase, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), LDH, creatine kinase (CK), kidney function, and echocardiographic data at admission. Short-term outcomes were acquired from the telephone call or the electronic medical records. This study was approved by local hospital and in consistency with the Declaration of Helsinki.
2.2. Statistical Analysis
Quantitative variables are reported as deviation (SD). On univariate analysis, Student’s -tests were used for continuous variables and chi-square tests were used for categorical variables. values less than 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. Clinical risk factors affecting in-hospital death were determined on multiple analysis. All analyses were performed using SPSS version 21.0 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY, USA).
3. Results
3.1. Patients’ Characteristics
A total of 147 IE patients were entered in the clinical investigation after exclusion. The characteristics of the included IE patients were displayed according to the short-term outcomes. The short-term death rate of the cohort was 13.6% (). Overall, male make up the majority (69.4%). Compared with IE patients with adverse events (in-hospital death), significantly higher levels of LWR and LDH/lymphocyte ( vs. , ; 416.98 (56.06, 2340.00) vs. 232.85 (65.19, 3092.68), ), significantly lower levels of L-LWR (39.90 (11.81, 418.92) vs. 20.71 (3.51, 265.91), ), age, WBC, neutrophil, LDH, CK, urea nitrogen (UREA), creatinine (CREA) and surgery were found in IE patients without adverse events. No difference in gender, lymphocyte, hemoglobin (HB), platelets, transaminase, ALP and GGT were discovered in IE patients with and without adverse events (Table 1).
In addition, blood culture details were viewed in Table 1. The results suggested that streptococci ( cases, 20.4%) and staphylococcus ( cases, 8.2%) were the major pathogen.
3.2. Association of L-LWR Levels with In-Hospital Death in IE Patients
In-hospital mortality (adverse event) was named as all-cause death (within 30 days). Patients with elevated L-LWR levels were at high risk in in-hospital mortality. To assess whether L-LWR is a prognosis factor for in-hospital mortality. We first classify indicators less than 0.05 in Table 1 into categorical variables and then put these indicators into the model for multivariate analysis. After adjustments, age (odds ratio (OR): 11.334, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.035-124.067, ), surgery (OR: 4.137, 95% CI 1.231-13.902, ), CK (OR: 4.231, 95% CI 1.215-14.735, ), UREA (OR: 3.417, 95% CI 1.020-11.443, ), and L-LWR (OR: 4.558, 95% CI 1.362-15.256, ) still maintained their significant independence (Table 2).
Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was recommend to check the area under the curve (AUC) for each independent factors. L-LWR had the highest AUC (0.780, 0.704-0.844, ) with good sensitivity (81.89%) and specificity (65.00%) when 34 was selected as the best cutoff value (Figure 1).
4. Discussion
In recent times, investigators have made a great effort to explore factors to judge the prognosis of patients with different diseases, such as IE [8–12]. LDH, lymphocyte, and LWR are inexpensive, easy to get, and automated factors that timely and effectively forecast the prognosis of the patients with different sicknesses [13–17]. Previous researches suggested that the performance (accuracy/precision) of the combination of LDH and lymphocyte (LDH/lymphocyte) was better than that of LDH and lymphocyte alone [5]. However, regarding the value of LDH/lymphocyte and L-LWR in the prognosis of patients with IE, it is still blank. Therefore, our intent is to question the association between the combination (LDH/lymphocyte (L-LWR)) and short-term outcomes. In this research, L-LWR was firstly verified as an independent in-hospital mortality index: IE patients with elevated L-LWR have worse prognosis than those with low- L-LWR. Furthermore, compared with a single biomarker (LDH and lymphocyte) and ratio (LWR and LDH/lymphocyte), L-LWR, based on LDH, lymphocyte, and WBC, was the best combination with outstanding prognosis.
LDH, a tetrameric enzyme, could catalyze pyruvic acid [18]. An elevation of LDH is often accompanied by organ damage [19]. Therefore, we speculate that LDH may play a role in predicting adverse events. To patients with tumor, such as small cell lung cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, and acute pancreatitis, elevated LDH represents a bad prognosis [15, 20, 21]. These discoveries confirmed our speculation.
Lymphocytes, as a simple and cheap biomarker, have been widely investigated. Neuroblastoma patients with high monocyte × lymphocyte indicate a good prognosis [22]. While to HER-2-positive breast cancer patients treated with trastuzumab, an elevated lymphocyte is significantly related to a bad prognosis [23]. Further, compared with lymphocyte, LWR is a better predictor to forecast the prognosis of advanced cancer patients with palliative care [24]. In this research, we also found that LWR could be used to predict the adverse events.
Overall, LDH, lymphocyte, LWR, and LDH/lymphocyte play an important role in predicting the adverse events. So far, there is no research implicating these prognostic factors in a study and that makes a comparison. In this study, we recommend a new parameter (L-LWR) and compare it with the abovementioned indicators. The results pointed out that L-LWR was not only an independent prognosis factor but also an effective and the best prognostic index for IE patients.
The retrospective research had some limitations. Firstly, selection bias exists owning to a single-center investigation. Secondly, we did not assess the value of L-LWR in predicting long-term outcomes. Thirdly, the potential mechanisms have not been explored. Large sample size and multicenter work should be conducted in the future.
5. Conclusion
L-LWR is a reliable, low-priced, easily applicable, and independent prognostic parameter for in-hospital death with good performance in patients with IE.
Data Availability
The datasets are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Ethical Approval
The study was performed to conform with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the local ethics committee of the hospital.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Authors’ Contributions
Ying Chen, Jingping Liu, and Tengfei Qiao contributed equally to this work. Jun Zhou and Zhenzhen Cai designed the study. All the authors contributed to the generation, collection, assembly, and analysis and/or interpretation of data. Ying Chen wrote the manuscript. Jun Zhou, Jingping Liu, Tengfei Qiao, Mengxiao Xie, and Zhenzhen Cai revised the manuscript. All the authors have read manuscript and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82101902) and Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (SBK2020042441).