Artificial Intelligence for Classifying and Archiving Orthodontic Images

Table 4

Performance of human experts and deep learning during classification of orthodontic images in the external dataset.

Operator	Method	Accuracy	Macro-AUC	Time taken to archive (min)
Deep learning	Automatic	0.994	1.00	0.08
Expert 1	Manual	0.988	0.992	19.19
	Deep learning assistance	0.998	0.997	8.27
Expert 2	Manual	0.987	0.985	18.97
	Deep learning assistance	0.997	0.996	7.92
Expert 3	Manual	0.983	0.983	18.63
	Deep learning assistance	0.996	0.996	8.10

AUC: area under the curve.