[Retracted] Nutrigenomic Interventions to Address Metabolic Stress and Related Disorders in Transition Cows

Table 2

Regulation altered gene expression through nutrients in transition cows.

Nutrients	Effect on gene expression regulation and on various traits	References
Rumen protected methionine (RPM)	Enhance the expression of ABCG2 and GHR genes during lactation; Improved milk production and butterfat content	[93, 94]
Rumen protected choline (RPC)	(1) Regulate the expression of genes for acetylcholine and acetylcholine receptor; (2) Enhanced the expression of FA transport protein 5 and carnitine transporter SLC22A5 in the liver; (3) Reduce lipolysis of adipose tissues, thereby treats fatty liver	[95, 96]
Calcium supplementation	Treatment of hypocalcaemia, improving leukocyte function, improvement in impregnation and pregnancy rates, and management of transition period related stress	[73, 97, 98]
Yeast supplements	Regulate the expression of inflammation-related genes in dairy cows during transition period. Increase DMI content through increasing availability of fiber content	[99–101]
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)	Control the altered expression of many key genes (TLR2, PPAR) and transcription factors (NF-κB) implicated in metabolic stress; Also exerts immune modulation effects to control inflammatory processes	[96, 102]
n-3 PUFA	Inhibit the expression of adhesion molecules involved in inflammation; Essential for the central nervous system (CNS) and reproductive system development and thereby improves embry survival	[95, 103–105]
n-6 PUFA	Enhance mRNA levels of estrogen receptor 1 and oxytocin receptor and decrease insulin growth factor levels	[106]
Conjugated linolenic acid	Upregulate the transcription of many genes, including insulin signaling, TLR4, inflammatory cytokines, and protein kinases for metabolic adaptation	[107]
Long chain fatty acids (LCFAs)	Improvement in adjusting to the transition period stress and milk and milk fat yield	[108]