The Role of Dietary Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load in Mediating Genetic Susceptibility via MC4R s17782313 Genotypes to Affect Cardiometabolic Risk Factors among Apparently Healthy Obese Individuals
Table 1
Sociodemographic and anthropometric characteristics and cardiometabolic risk factors according to the tertiles of dietary glycemic indices in men.
Glycemic index
Glycemic load
Age (y)
39.25 (5.76)
39.03 (7.48)
36.91 (6.37)
0.387
39.96 (6.31)
36.86 (6.80)
38.65 (6.42)
0.234
WC
108.75 (9.29)
114.72 (5.81)
112.54 (6.94)
0.475
112.39 (5.29)
114.16 (8.92)
112.69 (7.05)
0.588
BMI (kg/m2)
33.57 (4.06)
34.08 (2.53)
33.73 (2.86)
0.708
33.19 (2.59)
34.11 (3.67)
33.87 (2.96)
0.559
Physical activity level, (%)
0.207
0.461
Low
41.2
29.4
29.4
20.6
47.1
32.4
Moderate
28.1
25.0
46.9
28.1
34.4
37.5
High
20.0
46.7
33.3
23.3
26.7
50.0
Marital status, (%)
0.479
0.554
Married
20.0
20.0
40.0
13.3
46.7
40.0
Single
32.1
32.1
35.8
25.9
34.6
39.5
SES, (%)
0.450
0.468
Low
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Middle
16.7
50.0
33.3
26.7
23.3
50.0
High
35.3
26.2
38.5
23.1
43.1
33.8
Stress, (%)
0.846
0.171
Normal
30.4
37.0
32.6
19.6
45.7
34.8
Mild
29.4
35.3
35.3
47.1
23.5
29.4
Moderate
29.4
23.5
47.1
35.3
17.6
47.1
Severe
20.0
40.0
40.0
0.0
30.0
70.0
Extremely severe
50.0
16.7
33.3
0.0
66.7
33.3
Appetite
35.14 (9.29)
34.83 (9.94)
34.80 (9.73)
0.883
31.04 (9.67)
35.89 (9.72)
36.53 (8.84)
0.110
LDL-C, (mg/dl)
112.60 (25.50)
118.12 (24.27)
129.12 (29.34)
0.024
119.20 (27.43)
125.14 (28.04)
116.94 (26.57)
0.221
HDL, (mg/dl)
42.43 (7.50)
42.90 (8.69)
42.57 (7.62)
0.986
41.52 (7.75)
43.89 (8.93)
42.09 (6.71)
0.474
Cholesterol, (mg/dl)
185.21 (33.07)
184.28 (26.74)
197.86 (31.71)
0.084
184.00 (31.07)
197.69 (31.65)
185.41 (29.44)
0.095
TG, (mg/dl)
125.50 (96.50, 177.50)
116.00 (87.50, 134.50)
111.00 (78.00, 169.00)
0.214
90.00 (80.00, 134.00)
121.00 (92.00, 159.00)
123.00 (87.50, 169.00)
0.204
AIP
0.14 (0.23)
0.05 (0.23)
0.08 (0.27)
0.229
0.04 (0.26)
0.11 (0.25)
0.10 (0.23)
0.511
Glucose, (mg/dl)
92.00 (85.00, 99.25)
91.00 (86.50, 100.00)
91.00 (85.00, 101.00)
0.985
91.00 (85.00, 100.00)
92.00 (89.00, 101.00)
91.50 (84.00, 101.00)
0.844
Insulin, U/mL
15.30 (9.15, 26.60)
10.60 (8.05, 18.20)
11.50 (9.00, 17.20)
0.170
12.20 (10.00, 23.10)
13.20 (8.60, 23.60)
10.80 (8.75, 18.32)
0.473
HOMA-IR
3.58 (2.03, 5.97)
2.68 (1.75, 4.25)
2.70 (1.94, 4.00)
0.267
3.22 (2.10, 5.25)
3.20 (1.95, 4.88)
2.46 (1.86, 3.94)
0.452
QUICKI
0.32 (0.03)
0.33 (0.03)
0.33 (0.03)
0.371
0.32 (0.03)
0.32 (0.03)
0.33 (0.03)
0.493
SBP(mmHg)
112.21 (22.87)
117.93 (13.79)
118.71 (14.11)
0.286
117.17 (12.78)
120.29 (12.66)
112.12 (22.53)
0.217
DBP(mmHg)
71.75 (16.08)
78.10 (9.77)
77.14 (11.90)
0.108
77.61 (13.56)
76.71 (10.64)
73.65 (14.56)
0.486
MetS (%)
32.4
29.7
37.8
0.936
24.3
35.1
40.5
0.953
MC4R (%)
0.011
0.927
CC
27.3
18.2
54.5
27.2
36.4
36.4
CT
26.1
34.8
39.1
21.7
43.5
34.8
TT
40.0
51.4
8.6
25.7
40.0
34.3
Data are presented as mean (SD) or median (25 and 75 percentiles). Analysis of variance for continuous variables and test for categorical variables. Abbreviations: BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; SES: socioeconomic status; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; TG: triglyceride; QUICKI: quantitative insulin sensitivity check index; AIP: atherogenic index of plasma; MC4R: melanocortin-4 receptor.
