Part used Country Harvest site Harvest season Extracts/essential oils Chemical composition Analysis References Aerial parts (dry) Tunisia Rass Zebib (subhumid) Flowering period EO 1,8-Cineole (9.7%), p-cymene (8.4%), α -pinene (5.4%), γ -terpinene (3.1%), beta-caryophyllene (5.3%), viridiflorol (7.3%), epi-13-manool (4.7%), thymol (3.7%), limonene (2.8%), camphor (2.7%) GC and GC-MS [6 ] Aerial parts (dry) Tunisia Bir Mroua (subhumid) Flowering period EO β -Caryophyllene (15.3%), germacrene D (7.1%), epi-13-manool (6.2%), α -copaene (6.1%), α -humulene (4.3%), α -cadinol (3.9%), viridiflorol (3.4%), p-cymene (3.3%), δ -cadinene (3.1%), p-cymen-8-ol (2.6%)GC and GC-MS [31 –33 ] Aerial parts (dry) Tunisia Beja (higher semiarid) Flowering period EO β -Caryophyllene (15.3%), α -humulene (3.0%), viridiflorol (11.6%), 1,8-cineole (3.3%), germacrene D (3.3%), (Z)-β -ocimene (4.0%), T-cadinol (1.9%), p-cymene (2.8%), thymol (2.7%), epi-13-manool (2.5%)GC and GC-MS [6 , 31 ] Aerial parts (dry) Tunisia Tunis (higher semiarid) Flowering period EO Viridiflorol (17.7%), 1,8-cineole (8.5%), α -pinene (4.6%), p-cymene (5.2%), β -caryophyllene (5.5%), thymol (4.4%), epi-13-manool (4.0%), α -humulene (2.4%), α -thujone (3.6%), γ -terpinene (2.4%) GC and GC-MS [31 , 33 , 34 ] Aerial parts (dry) Tunisia Touiref (moderate semiarid) Flowering period EO α -Pinene (15.9%), camphor (4.7%), 1,8-cineole (12.8%), viridiflorol (10.0%), (Z)-β -ocimene (5.4%), camphene (2.6%), β -caryophyllene (5.3%), thymol (4.2%), p-cymene (4.2%), α -thujone (3.4%)GC and GC-MS [31 , 33 , 35 ] Aerial parts (dry) Tunisia Bou Arada (moderate semiarid) Flowering period EO 1,8-Cineole (9.4%), p-cymene (8.7%), viridiflorol (8.3%), α -pinene (4.9%), thymol (2.7%), β -caryophyllene (4.9%), α -humulene (3.5%), γ -terpinene (3.0%), α -thujone (3.0%), epi-13-manool (3.6%) GC and GC-MS [31 –33 ] Aerial parts (dry) Tunisia Sers (lower semiarid) Flowering period EO α -Pinene (14.7%), viridiflorol (10.8%), β -caryophyllene (4.6%), (Z)-β -ocimene (4.5%), epi-13-manool (2.8%), thymol (4.4%), p-cymene (4.1%), camphor (3.5%), α -thujone (2.9%), 1,8-cineole (10.9%)GC and GC-MS [31 –33 ] Aerial parts (dry) Tunisia Enfidha (lower semiarid) Flowering period EO Viridiflorol (10.5%), camphor (2.9%), epi-13-manool (10.5%), 1,8-cineole (8.7%), p-cymene (8.3%), α -terpineol (3.0%), α -pinene (4.5%), thymol (4.2%), γ -terpinene (3.2%), bornyl acetate (3.2%) GC and GC-MS [31 –33 ] Aerial parts (dry) Tunisia Chott Meriem (higher arid) Flowering period EO p-Cymene (14.2), α -pinene (9.6), γ -terpinene (5.1), camphene (3.9), viridiflorol (5.1), limonene (3.4), epi-13-manool (3.2), thymol (2.5), 1,8-cineole (12.8) GC and GC-MS [31 –33 ] Aerial parts (dry) Tunisia Hencha (higher arid) Flowering period EO Viridiflorol (10.0%), bicyclogermacrene (2.3%), germacrene D (5.6%), 1,8-cineole (4.9), epi-13-manool (4.7%), α -thujone (3.2%), β -pinene (3.0%), camphor (2.9%), α -humulene (2.5%), β -caryophyllene (7.2%) GC and GC-MS [31 –33 ] Aerial parts (dry) Spain Murcia Flowering stage EO p-Cymene (11.4%), 1,8-cineole (7.7%), viridiflorol (7.0%), camphene (2.7%), β -caryophyllene (4.5%), β -pinene (2.7%), γ -terpinene (4.0%), epi-13-manool (3.9%), camphor (3.7%), α -pinene (8.1%) GC and GC-MS [6 ] Aerial parts (dry) Spain Murcia Early fruiting stage EO Caryophyllene oxide (12.4%), bornyl acetate (3.2%), viridiflorol (9.1%), β -caryophyllene (5.6%), p-cymene (5.6%), α -pinene (4.0%), epi-13-manool (2.3%), thymol (2.0%), β -ionone (2.0%), 1,8-cineole (6.3%) GC and GC-MS [6 ] Aerial parts (dry) Spain Murcia Late fruiting stage EO β -Caryophyllene (14.2%), α -thujone (8.2%), 8-cineole (4.7%), epi-13-manool (7.1%), bornyl acetate (3.5%), α -humulene (6.7%), 1 α -pinene (4.3%), caryophyllene oxide (3.0%), β -pinene (2.8%), viridiflorol (13.5%)GC and GC-MS [6 ] Aerial parts Algeria Bechar April 2011 EO Epi-α -cadinol (11.6%), β -caryophyllene (11.33%), bicyclogermacrene (10.9%), γ -cadinene (7.9%), cis -muurola-4(14),5-diene (7.8%), muurola-3,5-diene (5.2%), spathulenol (3.0%), cis -calamenene (2.0), α -humulene (1.9), 1,10-di-epi-cubenol (20.9%) GC and GC-MS [31 ] Aerial parts (fresh) Jordan Shafa-Badran-Amman Flowering period (April to May 2011) EO Linalool (61.32%), β -elemene (1.50%), (Z)-β -ocimene (4.03%), β -eudesmol (3.66%), spathulenol (3.40%), E -β -ocimene (2.63%), β -caryophyllene (2.98%), α -copaene (2.50%), γ -cadinene (1.55%), bicyclogermacrene (5.94%) GC-MS and GC-FID [32 ] Aerial parts (dry) Jordan Shafa-Badran-Amman Flowering period (April to May 2011) EO Linalool (30.72%), bicyclogermacrene (14.70%), β -caryophyllene (7.42%), germacrene D (25.92%), α -copaene (5.13%), isopentyl isovalerate (0.97%), δ -cadinene (2.05%), (Z)-β -ocimene (1.18%), spathulenol (1.58%), α -gurjunene (1.07%) GC and GC-MS [32 ] Stem Jordan Mediterranean Full maturation period EO Z -β -Ocimene (32.6%), trans -sabinene hydrate acetate (14.5%), α -gurjunene (6.0%), β -bourbonene (1.5%), E -β -ocimene (7.8%), sabinene (2.9%), α -phellandrene (3.1%), germacrene D (1.6%), α -pinene (9.3%), β -pinene (8.1%)GC-MS and GC-FID [32 ] Jordan Irano-Turanian Full maturation period EO trans -Sabinene hydrate acetate (38.1%), E -caryophyllene (9.1%), δ -selinene (5.2%), β -gurjunene (2.5%), sabinene (4.8%), δα -copaene (4.1%), γ -gurjunene (2.9%), cadinene (4.3%), β -selinene (2.2%), germacrene D (13.3%)GC and GC-MS [32 ] Leaves Jordan Mediterranean Full maturation period EO trans -Sabinene hydrate acetate (30.2%), β -bourbonene (7.7%), E-β -ocimene (4.3%), α -pinene (3.0%), α -gurjunene (13.8%), β -selinene (2.8%), δ -cadinene (2.5%), β -pinene (2.4%), myrcene (2.0%), Z-β -ocimene (17.1%)GC and GC-MS [32 ] Leaves Jordan Irano-Turanian Full maturation period EO δ -Selinene (21.5%), E -caryophyllene (11.4%), terpinolene (4.3%), α -copaene (9.6%), sabinene (9.0%), Z -β -ocimene (4.8%), β -cubebene (4.4%), δ -cadinene (2.7%), cis -β -guaiene (2.0%), germacrene D (19.8%)GC and GC-MS [32 ] Preflower Jordan Mediterranean Full maturation period EO trans -Sabinene hydrate acetate (56.5%), α -pinene (6.5%), myrcene (1.5%), E -β -ocimene (4.3%), α -gurjunene (3.2%), β -pinene (5.3%), sabinene (1.2%), trans -β -guaiene (1.0%), limonene (0.7%), Z -β -ocimene (13.5%)GC and GC-MS [32 ] Preflower Jordan Irano-Turanian Full maturation period EO Sabinene (42.7%), α -thujene (7.2%), γ -terpinene (6.1%), E -β -ocimene (1.9%), α -terpinene (3.6%), β -pinene (3.2%), β -phellandrene (6.8%), terpinolene (1.6%), limonene (1.0%), trans -sabinene hydrate (20.4%) GC and GC-MS [32 ] Flower Jordan Mediterranean Full maturation period EO trans -Sabinene hydrate acetate (58.6%), E -β -ocimene (5.3%), α -pinene (5.2%), sabinene (1.1%), β -pinene (4.9%), α -phellandrene (1.4%), α -gurjunene (1.0%), camphene (0.4%), isobornyl acetate (0.4%), Z -β -ocimene (18.8%)GC and GC-MS [32 ] Jordan Irano-Turanian Full maturation period EO Sabinene (37.5%), Z -β -ocimene (9.9%), α -thujene (4.6%), myrcene (4.2%), β -pinene (3.9%), E -β -ocimene (8.9%), γ -terpinene (3.0%), E -caryophyllene (1.9%), α -terpinene (1.4%), trans -sabinene hydrate (20.0%) GC and GC-MS [32 ] Petal Jordan Mediterranean Full maturation period EO trans -Sabinene hydrate acetate (87.0%), E -β -ocimene (1.5%), germacrene D (1.0%), α -phellandrene (0.5%), β -pinene (0.3%), α -gurjunene (1.7%), n-nonane (0.2%), myrcene (0.2%), β -selinene (0.2%), Z -β -ocimene (7.1%)GC and GC-MS [32 ] Petal Jordan Irano-Turanian Full maturation period EO trans -Sabinene hydrate (18.8%), E -β -ocimene (9.9%), γ -terpinene (2.9%), germacrene D (9.6%), β -copaene (4.1%), α -copaene (3.2%), E -caryophyllene (13.9%), β -selinene (2.9%), γ -gurjunene (2.8%), Z -β -ocimene (9.6%)GC and GC-MS [32 ] Sepal Jordan Mediterranean Full maturation period EO trans -Sabinene hydrate acetate (36.6%), β -pinene (14.0%), 8-cineole (3.9%), Z -β -ocimene (4.5%), 1 δ -elemene (2.8%), β -cedrene (8.7%), sabinene (2.7%), camphene (1.9%), β -cubebene (1.9%), α -pinene (18.1%)GC and GC-MS [32 ] Sepal Jordan Irano-Turanian Full maturation period EO trans -Sabinene hydrate (58.8%), terpinolene (5.0%), E -β -ocimene (4.1%), p-methyl-acetophenone (3.2%), germacrene D (3.1%), Z -β -ocimene (4.9%), δ -selinene (2.0%), γ -terpinene (1.7%), δ -cadinene (1.3%), E -caryophyllene (5.6%)GC and GC-MS [32 ] Aerial parts Algeria Mogheul April 2011 EO Germacrene D (20.5%), β -caryophyllene (3.8%), beta-cubebene (2.7%), δ -cadinene (2.6%), 1,10-di-epi-cubenol (2. 6%), γ -cadinene (2.5%), (E)-β -farnesene (3.5%), bicyclogermacrene (2.2%), α -muurolol (2.1%), α -copaene (10.4%), β -phellandrene (3.8%) GC and GC-MS [36 ] Seeds Spain — — EO Camphor (38.94%), 13-epi -manool (5.61%), 𝛿-elemene (3.93%), beta-eudesmol (3.76%), n -undecane (2.65%), α -terpinyl acetate (4.77%), linalyl acetate (2.53%), neryl acetate (2.40%), α -terpineol (2.03%), caryophyllene oxide (7.28%) GC-MS and GC-FID [33 ] Aerial parts Greece Crete Island Blossoming (April 2004) EO Beta-phellandrene (30.3%), methyl ester of 6-octadecenoic acid (15.0%), camphor (7.0%), (Z )-β -ocimene (6.6%), fenchone (9.4%), isopropyl ester (7.8%), aromadendrene (4.0%), α -humulene (3.7%), (E )-caryophyllene (16.1%) GC and GC-MS [34 ] Aerial parts (fresh) Sicily Piano Battaglia Full flowering stage (July 2009) EO Hexadecanoic acid (23.1%), ethyl hexadecanoate (2.6%), benzaldehyde (7.3%), 9,12,15-octadecatrienal (2.9%), limonene (2.0%), (E )-β -ionone (1.9%), (Z )-9-octadecenoic acid (11.9), phenyl acetaldehyde (1.5%), (E )-caryophyllene (1.2%), β -phellandrene (5.9%) GC and GC-MS [8 ] Aerial parts Algeria Djelfa March 2019 EO cis -Muurola-3,5-diene (14.6%), unknown (10.5%), bicyclogermacrene (6.8%), bicycloelemene (4.3%), γ -cadinene (4.8%), β -pinene (4.2%), 2,3-dehydro-1,4-cineol (3.7%), α -cubebene (3.0%), α -pinene (2.8%), γ -amorphene (10.5%)GC and GC-MS [35 ] Leaves and flowers (dried) Turkey Kütahya-Gediz 2016-2017 EO Linalyl acetate (81.97%), β -myrcene (2.73%), n -pentanal (0.42%), beta-ocimene (0.39%), hexanal (0.34%), α -pinene (0.34%), limonene (1.14%), trans -caryophyllene (0.32%), β -pinene (0.31%), linalool (8.66%) GC and GC-MS [37 ] Aerial parts (wild) Sicily Piano Battaglia Full flowering stage (July 2009) EO Hexadecanoic acid (23.1%), benzaldehyde (7.3%), b-phellandrene (5.9%), limonene (2.0%), 9,12,15-octadecatrienal (2.9%), ethyl hexadecanoate (2.6%), caryophyllene oxide (1.9%), (E )-b -ionone (1.9%), spathulenol (1.7%), (Z )-9-octadecenoic acid (11.1%) GC and GC-MS [19 ] Aerial parts (cultivated) Sicily Piano Battaglia July 2010 EO Hexadecanoic acid (11.0%), (E )-b -ionone (3.9%), (Z )-9-octadecenoic acid (5.6%), b -phellandrene (4.1%), caryophyllene oxide (2.8%), (E )-caryophyllene (3.8%), methyl hexadecanoate (3.8%), carvacrol (2.4%), spathulenol (2.0%), hexahydrofarnesyl acetone (9.7%) GC and GC-SM [19 ] Fruits Tunisia Sabelet Ben Ammar Full fruit ripening stage EO β -Caryophyllene (23.1%), camphene (6.5%), α -humulene (5.6%), germacrene D (3.5%), viridiflorol (4.3%), 1-octen-3-ol (3.9%), (E )-β -ocimene (1.5%), 1,8-cineole (3.0%), manool (1.1%), caryophyllene oxide (15.9%)GC and GC-MS [33 ] Stems Tunisia Sabelet Ben Ammar Full fruit ripening stage Camphor (10.9%), terpinolene (6.6%), methyl eugenol (6.1%), α -pinene (5.9%), α -thujone (3.1%), 1,8-cineole (5.8%), caryophyllene oxide (4.5%), aromadendrene (3.6%), epi-13-manool (2.3%), viridiflorol (10.3%) GC and GC-MS [33 ] Leaves Tunisia Sabelet Ben Ammar Full fruit ripening stage epi-13-Manool (13.7%), camphor (3.9%), caryophyllene oxide (3.9%), α -pinene (3.4%), p-cymen-8-ol (3.7%), terpinen-4-ol (3.6%), 1,8-cineole (3.0%), eugenol (2.8%), (E )-β -ocimene (2.6%), manool (11.0%) GC and GC-MS [33 ] Aerial parts Tunisia Sabelet Ben Ammar Full fruiting stage (April 2007) EO Viridiflorol (21.6%), methyl eugenol (9.4%), α -terpineol (5.3%), spathulenol (3.7%), β -caryophyllene (7.1%), caryophyllene oxide (2.4%), epi-13-manool (2.2%), germacrene D (1.9%), eugenol (1.8%), camphene (17.6%) GC and GC-MS [33 ] Aerial parts Tunisia Sers Full fruiting stage (April 2007) (Z )-β -ocimene (29.5%), beta-thujone (7.9%), α -pinene (5.5%), tricyclene (5.1%), 18-cineole (1.9%), α -calacorene (2.5%), terpinen-4-ol (2.1%), germacrene D (3.1%), β -caryophyllene (1.8%), β -phellandrene (8.2%) GC and GC-MS [33 ] Aerial parts Tunisia Somaa Tricyclene (18.8%), nonane (10.3%), terpinolene (7.3%), -terpineol (2.2%), bornyl acetate (4.9%), camphor (2.9%), α -terpinyl acetate (3.5%), limonene (2.3%), α β -eudesmol (2.2%), methyl eugenol (7.7%) GC and GC-MS [33 ] Seeds Tunisia Sabelet Ben Ammar Full ripeness (April 2007) EO Camphor (33.83%), caryophyllene oxide (10.11%), octane (4.78%), 13-epi-manool (3.57%), hexanal (2.46%), β -bisabolene (1.84%), α -terpineol (3.24%), tricyclene (5.54%), α -copaene (3.19%), α -thujene (13.36%) GC-MS and GC-FID [33 ] Seeds Tunisia Sabelet Ben Ammar Full ripeness (April 2007) Lipid extraction Palmitic acid (9.25%), stearic acid (2.48%), linolenic acid (45.89%), arachidic acid (0.20%), C18:3n-3/C18:2n-6 (1.67%), SFA (11.93%), USFA (88.07%), oleic acid (14.67%), linoleic acid (27.39%), palmitoleic acid (0.12%) GC and GC-MS [33 ] Seeds Tunisia Sers Full ripeness (April 2007) EO β -Pinene (48.08%), epi-cubebol (10.74%), β -eudesmol (1.00%), α -bisabolol (2.97%), caryophyllene oxide (2.90%), spathulenol (0.93%), eugenol (0.97%), geraniol (0.95%), borneol (1.97%), germacrene D (2.09%)GC and GC-MS [33 ] Seeds Tunisia Sers Full ripeness (April 2007) Lipid extraction Palmitic acid (9.63%), oleic acid (14.14%), linoleic acid (23.79%), linolenic acid (42.84%), SFA (18.35%), USFA (81.65%), stearic acid (4.22%), arachidic acid (4.50%), C18:3n-3/C18:2n-6 (1.53%), palmitoleic acid (0.89%) GC and GC-MS [33 ] Seeds Tunisia Somaa Full ripeness (April 2007) EO Octane (27.39%), δ -cadinene (5.77%), p-cymene (1.64%), camphor (3.53%), bicyclogermacrene (1.86%), β -pinene (3.74%), α -terpineol (1.38%), limonene (0.79%) n-nonane (18.01%), epi-cubebol (9.02%) GC and GC-MS [33 ] Seeds Tunisia Somaa Full ripeness (April 2007) Lipid extraction Palmitic acid (12.11%), stearic acid (3.02%), linoleic acid (25.33%), arachidic acid (1.30%), SFA (16.43%), linolenic acid (41.71%), oleic acid (15.51%), USFA (83.57%), C18:3n-3/C18:2n-6 (1.65%), palmitoleic acid (1.02%) GC and GC-MS [33 ] Aerial part Algeria Bordj Bou Arreridj Flowering stage (spring April-May) Crude extract (CrE) Flavonoids ( Spectrophotometrically [21 ] Aerial part Algeria Bordj Bou Arreridj Chloroform extract (ChE) Flavonoids ( Spectrophotometrically [21 ] Aerial part Algeria Bordj Bou Arreridj Ethyl acetate extract (EAE) Flavonoids ( Spectrophotometrically [21 ] Aerial part Algeria Bordj Bou Arreridj Aqueous extract (AqE) Flavonoids ( Spectrophotometrically [21 ] Aerial part Algeria Laghouat May 2004 80% ( Flavonoids ( Spectrophotometrically [12 ] Aerial part Algeria Setif and Batna 2016 Decoction Total phenols ( Spectrophotometrically [13 ] Aerial part Algeria Setif and Batna 2016 Methanol extract (85%) Total phenols ( Spectrophotometrically [13 ] Aerial part Turkey Artvin 06th September 2004 Methanol extracts Rosmarinic acids (μ g mg_1 ) Spectrophotometrically [38 ] Rosmarinic acids (μ g mg_1 ) HPLC [6 ] Aerial parts Tunisia Tunis (higher semiarid) Flowering stage (March and April 2008) Methanolic extracts Phenolic acids μ g/g), p-coumaric acid (μ g/g), rosmarinic acid (μ g/g), vanillic acid (μ g/g), caffeic acids (μ g/g), ferulic acids (μ g/g)Phenolic diterpenes μ g/g), methyl carnosate contents (μ g/g), carnosol (μ g/g)Flavonoids μ g/g), cirsiliols (μ g/g), luteolins (μ g/g), apigenins (μ g/g), naringins (μ g/g), hesperidins (μ g/g), genkwanins (μ g/g)HPLC-UV [6 ] Aerial parts Tunisia Bir Mroua (subhumid) Flowering stage (March and April 2008) Methanolic extracts Phenolic acids μ g/g), caffeic acid (μ g/g), rosmarinic acid (μ g/g), p-coumaric acid (μ g/g), ferulic acid (μ g/g), vanillic acid (μ g/g)Phenolic diterpenes μ g/g), carnosols (μ g/g)Flavonoids μ g/g), luteolins (μ g/g), hesperidins (μ g/g), apigenins (μ g/g), cirsiliols (μ g/g), genkwanins (μ g/g), naringins (μ g/g)HPLC-UV [6 ] Aerial parts Tunisia Hencha (higher arid) Flowering stage (March and April 2008) Methanolic extracts Phenolic acids μ g/g), caffeic acids (μ g/g), ferulic acids (μ g/g), p-coumaric acids (μ g/g), rosmarinic acids (μ g/g), vanillic acids (μ g/g)Phenolic diterpenes μ g/g), carnosic acids (μ g/g)Flavonoids μ g/g), cirsiliols (μ g/g), luteolins (μ g/g), apigenins (μ g/g), genkwanins (μ g/g), hesperidins (μ g/g), naringins (μ g/g)HPLC [6 ] Aerial parts (dried) Saudi Arabia Assir 18th February 2001 Alcoholic extract Verbenacines and salvinines 1D and 2D NMR [39 ] Roots (dried) Algeria Batna — Acetone extract 6,7-Dehydroroyleanones, cryptanol, sitosterols, campesterols, 6-hydroxysalvonolones, microstegiols, stigmasterols IR, UV, 1H 13C NMR, and NMR [40 ]
