Effectiveness of Multistrain Probiotic Formulation on Common Infectious Disease Symptoms and Gut Microbiota Modulation in Flu-Vaccinated Healthy Elderly Subjects

Figure 3

Concentration of β-defensin2 levels recorded in the faecal samples of the volunteers in the placebo and in the probiotic groups at the three time points of the study (baseline, treatment, and follow-up). The boxplots show the minimum, the first quartile, the median, the third quartile, and the maximum of the β-defensin2 values collected. Statistical differences were calculated using the Linear Mixed Effect Model (LMER): value < 0.05.