Association between Circulating Antioxidants and Longevity: Insight from Mendelian Randomization Study

Table 2

Bioavailability and mode of action of the antioxidants included in this MR study.

Antioxidants	Bioavailability	Mode of action
β-Carotene	4%-14% [43]	Antioxidant activity, regulate detoxification enzymes, immune response and hormone metabolism, antibacterial and antiviral effects, anticancer property [44]
Lycopene	0.1%-1.5% [43]	Maintain redox homeostasis, enhance autophagy, anti-inflammation, reduce lipid peroxidation and LDL-c, inhibit proliferation of neoplastic cells [44]
Selenium	55%-65% [45]	Maintain redox homeostasis, maintain the physiological functions of brain, anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties, participate in thyroid hormone metabolism, cancer prevention [46]
Vitamin A	75%-100% [47]	Maintain normal functions of visual system and reproduction, anti-inflammation, modulate immunity, promote cell differentiation, regulate cell growth, maintain epithelial integrity, antithrombosis, cancer prevention [48]
Vitamin C	49%-90% [49]	Antioxidant function, increase endothelium-dependent vasodilatation, inhibit lipid peroxidation, increase the absorption of iron, participate in energy-yielding metabolism and collagen synthesis [50]
Vitamin E	50%-80% [51]	Antioxidant function, anticancer effects, anti-inflammation, inhibit cell proliferation, antiangiogenesis, immune modulation, inhibit HMG-CoA reductase enzyme [52]

Abbreviations: LDL-c: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HMG-CoA: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A.