Effects of Muscle Energy Technique and Joint Manipulation on Pulmonary Functions, Mobility, Disease Exacerbations, and Health-Related Quality of Life in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients: A Quasiexperimental Study

Table 2

Dependent variable data, AM (LL-UL) and GM at baseline and postintervention, Wilcoxon signed-rank test values, and Cohen’s values.

Variables	Baseline		Post-intervention		value	Cohen’s
	AM (LL-UL)	GM	AM (LL-UL)	GM
FEV1/FVC (%)	57.94 (54.1-61.8)	57.49	68.88 (63.16-74.59)	68.17	0.001	0.99
MBDS (n)	4.38 (3.95-4.80)	4.30	2.87 (2.45-3.30)	2.75	<0.001	0.99
BODE (n)	6.0 (5.3-6.7)	5.88	3.8 (3.13-4.5)	3.56	0.002	0.99
mMRC (n)	2.06 (1.70-2.42)	1.943	0.875 (0.60-1.14)	1.054	<0.001	0.99
SpO2 (%)	98.50 (98.2-98.8)	98.49	99.3 (99.0-99.6)	99.31	<0.001	0.99
CAT ()	11.5 (10.5-12.5)	11.35	6.06 (5.4-6.7)	5.94	<0.001	1.00
Left hemidiaphragm excursion (cm)	1.5 (1.45-1.6)	1.52	1.55 (1.5-1.6)	1.54	0.157	0.6
Right hemidiaphragm excursion (cm)	1.7 (1.6-1.8)	1.67	1.7 (1.6-1.74)	1.66	0.480	0.58

Significant (). AM: arithmetic mean; LL: lower limit; UL: upper limit; GM: geometric mean; FEV₁: forced expiratory volume in one second; FVC: forced vital capacity; MBDS: modified Borg dyspnea scale; BODE: body mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnea, and exercise; mMRC: modified Medical Research Council dyspnea scale; SpO2: peripheral capillary oxygen saturation; CAT: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease evaluation test.