|
| Technology | Company | Energy source | Raw material | Accuracy | Main property | Application |
|
| SLA [89, 96, 97] | 3D systems (USA)
Stratasys (USA)
Formlabs (USA)
DWS (Italy)
Autodesk (USA) | Ultraviolet or visible light | Photosensitive resin, light curable liquid polymers, ceramic-filled resins, etc. | 25-35 μm | (i) High accuracy
(ii) Rapid fabrication
(iii) Need a support framework
(iv) Brittle and easily broken
(v) Strict storage | (i) Restoration of defected teeth
(ii) Complete denture base
(iii) Resin, dowel crown
(iv) Orthodontic devices (aligners and retainers)
(v) Surgical guide and splints
(vi) Tooth root canal model
(vii) Maxillofacial model |
| SLS/SLM [58, 91, 92, 98] | 3D systems (USA)
Blueprinter (Denmark)
EOS (Germany) | High-power laser | Titanium and titanium alloy powder, cobalt chrome, aluminium, bronze alloy, stainless steel, nylon powder, elastomers, ceramics, etc. | 20-50 μm | (i) Good mechanical property
(ii) Good accuracy
(iii) High material utilization rate
(iv) Prone to spherification
(v) High cost
(vi) Slow process | (i) Implant
(ii) Alternative of large jawbone defects
(iii) Removable partial denture
(iv) Metal crown, coping, and bridges |
| EBM [92, 99–101] | Arcam (Sweden)
FIT Group (Germany)
Sciaky (USA) | Electron | Titanium and titanium alloy powder, cobalt base alloy powder, etc. | 40-50 μm | (i) Good accuracy
(ii) Rapid fabrication
(iii) High energy utilization rate
(iv) High power density
(v) Convenient focusing
(vi) High cost
(vii) Explosive risk | (i) Implant
(ii) Fixation plate |
| FDM [93, 94, 102–105] | Stratasys (USA)
MarkerBot (USA)
RepRap (Germany)
QiDi (China) | Extrusion | Thermoplastic filamentous material such as polylactic acid, polycarbonate, and PEEK | 35-40 μm | (i) Low- to midrange cost
(ii) Relative accuracy
(iii) Fast molding
(iv) Good biocompatibility
(v) Need a support | (i) Oral implant prosthesis
(ii) Edentulous mandible
(iii) Surgical guide
(iv) Models
(v) Simple anatomical parts |
| LOM [95, 106, 107] | 3D systems (USA) | Laser | Thin material of metal and plastic | 60-70 μm | (i) Rapid fabrication
(ii) Low cost
(iii) Acceptable accuracy
(iv) Low material utilization rate
(v) Rough surface
(vi) Easy to crack | (i) Jawbone model
(ii) Denture models
(iii) Surgical plan models |
| IJP [91, 108, 109] | 3D systems (USA)
Stratasys (USA) | Electric heater | Powder, living cells, biological materials, etc. | 35-40 μm | (i) High print speed
(ii) Low cost
(iii) Nozzle plugging | (i) Teeth
(ii) Periodontal tissue
(iii) Facial prosthesis |
|
