Potential of Azadirachta indica as a Capping Agent for Antiviral Nanoparticles against SARS-CoV-2

Table 2

Anticipated approaches in predicting ligand-receptor binding and drug structures for COVID-19 management.

NPs	Dimension	Method	Ligand-receptor binding information	Potential application	References
Iron oxide nanomaterials	NR^a	Nanostructure of Fe2O3^b and Fe3O4^c	Interactions with S1-RBD^d of SARS-CoV-2^e	Repurposing medication	[12]
PolyP^f/silica nanoparticle		Optimized polyP^f encapsulated by SiNPs^g	Inhibition of binding of ACE2^h to S-protein SARS-CoV-2, at a physiological solution	Immunologic agents	[52]
Gold nanoparticles	NR	Peptide-functionalized gold nanoparticles	More stable complex with RBD of SARS-CoV-2 than ACE2	Antiviral agents	[53]
Nano-sized formazans		Formazan analogs by dithizone and α-haloketone reaction	Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 chymotrypsin-like protease, at a physiological solution	Antiviral agents	[54]
L-PLGA NPsi	NR	Optimized remdesivir-loaded L-PLGA NPs^i	Interactions lisinopril-ACE1^g and remdesivir intracellular targeting protein RdRp^j	Antiviral therapy	[12]
Silver nanoparticles	NR^a	Artemisinin, artemether, and artesunate delivery by silver nanoparticles	Interactions between negative charges of oxygen atoms of drugs with Ag surface	Antiviral drugs	[27]

^aNot reported; ^biron (II) oxide or magnetite; ^ciron (II,III) oxide or hematite; ^dchimeric spike-receptor-binding domain; ^enovel coronavirus; ^fpolyP; ^gsilica nanoparticle; ^hangiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor 1 or 2; ^Ilisinopril covalently grafted onto poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles; ^jRNA-dependent RNA polymerase.