Antimicrobial Resistance, Multilocus Sequence, and spa Typing of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Retail Raw Meat Products
Table 1
Frequency of resistance genes of the S. aureus isolates from retail raw meats.
β-Lactam
Aminoglycoside
Chloramphenicol
Tetracycline
Macrolide
Quinolone
Trimethoprim
Sulphonamide
ARa
blaZ
ARa
aacA-aphD
ARa
chlA
fexA
ARa
tetK
tetM
ARa
ermA
ARa
grlA
norA
ARa
dfrA
ARa
sulI
Ground beef ( =17)
No. of isolatesb
17
17
0
0
0
9
0
7
15
0
0
0
0
17
15
0
0
17
17
Prevalence (%)
100
100
0
0
0
52.9
0
41.2
88.2
0
0
0
0
100
88.2
0
0
100
100
Chicken meat ( =13)
No. of isolatesb
13
13
1
1
0
13
0
4
13
12
1
1
1
10
11
1
0
13
13
Prevalence (%)
100
100
7.7
7.7
0
100
0
30.8
100
92.3
7.7
7.7
7.7
76.9
84.6
7.7
0
100
100
Seawater fish ( =12)
No. of isolatesb
12
12
0
0
0
3
0
1
9
1
1
0
0
12
12
0
0
12
12
Prevalence (%)
100
100
0
0
0
25
0
8.3
75
8.3
8.3
0
0
100
100
0
0
100
100
Freshwater fish ( =8)
No. of isolatesb
8
8
0
0
0
5
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
8
8
0
0
8
8
Prevalence (%)
100
100
0
0
0
62.5
0
0
37.5
0
0
0
0
100
100
0
0
100
100
aAR, the resistant isolates detected by the broth microdilution method. bNumber of the isolates positive for resistance phenotypes and genes encoding resistance to antimicrobials.