Chemopreventive Efficacy of Thymoquinone in Chemically Induced Urinary Bladder Carcinogenesis in Rat

Table 1

Histological quantitative evaluation of urothelium neoplastic changes in different time lines.

Experimental groups ()	Hyperplasia^# (mean %)	Dysplasia^# (mean %)	Papillary growth (mean %)	Infiltrative growth (mean %)^**	Carcinoma in situ (Cis) (mean %)	Lesion scoring (0-100%)	Lesion grading	Neoplastic grading
Week 12
NC†	1.24%^A	0.61%^A	0.78%^A	0.06%^A	0.03%^A	0-10%	Normal	No atypia
PC	67.34%^D	74.29%^D	68.33%^D	56.83%^D	52.82%^D	50-75%	High grade	Cis
PN-25	49.22%^C	50.56%^C	47.17%^C	44.62%^C	39.41%^C	25-50%	Medium grade	Dysplasia
PN-50	48.57%^C	50.01%^C	48.26%^C	42.76%^C	37.94%^C	25-50%	Medium grade	Dysplasia
Week 20
NC†	2.56%^A	0.38%^A	0.59%^A	0.08%^A	0.04%^A	10-50%	Normal	No atypia
PC	75.48%^E	81.43%^E	77.81%^E	84.25%^E	92.46%^E	75-100%	Critical grade	Invasive
PN-25	58.23%^D	69.72%^D	71.64%^D	64.72%^D	62.47%^D	50-75%	High grade	Cis
PN-50	57.92%^D	59.81%^D	68.57%^D	54.46%^D	58.35%^D	50-75%	High grade	Cis
PN-Treatment 50	34.87%^C	44.72%^C	36.28%^C	28.54%^C	23.67%^B	25-50%	Medium grade	Dysplasia

Notes: areas of papillary-like growth, infiltrative growth, and carcinoma in situ were estimated in (μm). ^#Hyperplasia and dysplasia were estimated in calculated counted cell number. Each value represents mean percentage of . Statistical comparison among groups: mean values with different capital letters have significant differences at . ^†NC: negative control group received (only water); PC: positive control group received N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine (BBN) for 9 weeks; PN-25: preventive group received BBN for 9 weeks and thymoquinone 25 mg/kg for 10 weeks; PN-50: preventive group received BBN for 9 weeks and thymoquinone 50 mg/kg for 10 weeks; PN-Treatment 50: preventive-treatment group received BBN for 9 weeks and thymoquinone 50 mg/kg for 20 weeks.