The Effects of Passive Simulated Jogging on Parameters of Explosive Handgrip in Nondiabetics and Type 2 Diabetics: A Single Arm Study

Table 2

Parameters of the handgrip test in type 2 diabetics (T2D) and nondiabetics (ND) at baseline (BL), after 3 and 7 days of jogging device (JD3 and JD7), and 3 days after discontinuation of JD (Carryover).

Parameter	BL		JD3		JD7		Carryover
	T2D	ND	T2D	ND	T2D	ND	T2D	ND
Force () & RFD (/sec)
MAX	273.6 (93.5)	395.2 (142.6)^a	328.5 (90.8)	447.2 (148.9)	351.1 (140.8)	453.1 (140.8)	327.5 (80.8)	413.8 (97.2)
RFD25%	91.7 (65.1)	142 (89.6)	153 (99.3)	194.1 (135.7)	147.7 (115.9)	197.3 (113.5)	129.2 (102.4)	184.4 (73.4)
RFD75%	147 (111.6)	213 (115.2)	256.1 (208.2)	272 (114.7)	233.6 (114.8)	321.9 (107.6)^c	246 (148.9)	339.6 (121.3)^c
RFD90%	145 (100.7)	208 (103.8)	210.1 (110.7)	291.6 (125)	218.8 (110.3)	324.2 (89)^a	196.8 (97.2)	326.9 (98.2)^a
RFDmax	121 (83.4)	176 (79.7)	169.9 (79.9)^b	256 (112.5)	188.8 (102.3)^b	270 (64.5)^ac	153.9 (71.7)^b	271.4 (59.3)^ac
Force development time (sec)
	2.8 (1.2)	1.9 (0.8)	2.1 (0.5)	2.1 (0.6)	2.2 (1.2)	2.0 (0.6)	2.4 (0.6)	1.6 (0.5)
	2.2 (1.0)	1.5 (0.6)	1.6 (0.5)	1.6 (0.6)	1.8 (1.2)	1.6 (0.4)	1.8 (0.7)	1.2 (0.4)
	1.8 (0.9)	1.3 (0.6)	1.2 (0.4)	1.4 (0.5)	1.5 (1.2)	1.4 (0.4)	1.4 (0.7)	1.0 (0.4)
	1.0 (0.6)	0.9 (0.5)	0.7 (0.3)	0.7 (0.4)	1.0 (1.0)	0.8 (0.3)	0.9 (0.5)	0.6 (0.3)
Fatigue resistance (sec)
FR25	170.7 (57.7)	198.2 (61.9)	256.1 (105.9)^b	244.6 (90.2)	266.9 (133.7)^b	283.8 (91.4)^c	292.9 (70.1)^b	265.7 (86.8)^c
FR50	71.9 (45.5)	60.9 (47.6)	90.7 (47.3)	64.9 (68.5)	99.7 (79.6)	39.1 (31.8)	161.8 (67.2)^b	112.9 (106.5)
FRTF	191.6 (74.7)	207.1 (68.8)	270.9 (109.8)	271.8 (106.7)	288.7 (141.4)^b	311.4 (120.2)^c	293.5 (71.3)^b	271.6 (91.7)
AUC (/sec)
iAUCTF	4,521 (3050)	2,844 (1216)	6,335 (5374)^b	5,227 (2511)^c	8,836 (6659)^b	6,551 (4246)^c	9,620 (6521)^b	11,994 (9434)^c

Analysis of maximum force (MAX); rate of force development (RFD) at 90%,75%, and 25% of maximal force (RFD_90%, RFD_75%, and RFD_25%); and maximum of rate development (RFD_max, /sec). Force development time (sec) for maximum and 90%, 75%, and 25% of the maximum force (), fatigue resistance (sec) defined as the time at which the grip strength decreases to 50% and 25% of maximal force (FR₅₀ and FR₂₅), and fatigue resistance time to task failure (FR_TF). Integrated area under the curve for force vs. time in the entire curve until task failure (iAUC_TF). Mean and standard deviation (SD) for each. ^aT2D vs. ND; ^bBL vs. JD3, JD7, and Carryover in T2D; ^cBL vs. JD3, JD7, and Carryover in ND. All differences are at least .