Anatomical Engineering and 3D Printing for Surgery and Medical Devices: International Review and Future Exponential Innovations

Figure 11

Examples of 3D printing (top), AR (middle), and VR (bottom) technologies. Top row: Stratasys J750 Digital Anatomy Printer; 3D printed kidney tumor model with the kidney in clear, collecting system (semi-transparent), lesion (purple), renal artery (pink), renal vein (light blue), and collecting system (dark blue); 3D printed prostate cancer model with the prostate clear, lesion—blue, neurovascular bundles (yellow), rectal wall (white), bladder neck, and urethra (pink). Middle row: HoloLens-AR headset; AR kidney tumor model shown projected in a room with the kidney (pink), tumor (gray), artery (red), vein (blue), and collecting system (yellow); prostate cancer model shown projected in a room with the prostate (transparent), lesions (blue), neurovascular bundles (purple), bladder neck, and collecting system (yellow). Bottom row: person wearing HTC Vive VR headset; kidney tumor model; prostate cancer model configuration colours as at the middle row picture, also with arterial supply (red) [274]. Used with permission from Elsevier.