Anatomical Engineering and 3D Printing for Surgery and Medical Devices: International Review and Future Exponential Innovations

Figure 4

3D modeling processes for 3D aortic model. (a) Individual modeling of the central line of graft using the patient’s computed tomography (CT) images. (b) 3D computerized models for the graft guides consisting of the visualization (left) and the marking (right). (c) 3D printed guides. (d) Intraoperative view of the 3D printed guides in the TAAA. SMA: superior mesenteric artery; CA: celiac artery; RA: renal artery; TAAA: thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm [137]. Used with permission from Elsevier.

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