Scientific Evidence of Traditional Chinese Exercise (Qigong) for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: An Overview of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses

Table 6

Summary of evidence.

Citation	Outcomes	Studies (participants)	Heterogeneity	Relative effect (95% CI)	value
Cao et al. [21]	FEV1	17 (1,395)	83%	(0.15, 0.31)
	FVC	13 (1,033)	61%	(0.08, 0.30)
	FEV1/FVC	20 (1,808)	74%	(2.19, 5.51)
	6-MWD	18 (1,562)	96%	(29.47, 58.20)
	SGRQ	4 (280)	54%	(−10.54, −4.89)
	CAT	7 (802)	78%	(−4.13, −1.00)
Liu et al. [22]	6-MWD	10 (1,160)	66%	(0.44, 0.94)
	FEV1	10 (809)	68%	(0.22, 0.73)
	FEV1%	13 (1,417)	54%	(0.21, 0.56)
	FVC	8 (674)	14%	(0.22, 0.56)
	FEV1/FVC	13 (1,284)	53%	(0.33, 0.68)
	Quality of life	7 (746)	77%	(-0.77, -0.12)
Chen et al. [23]	FEV1	7 (525)	0%	(0.12, 0.38)
	FEV1%	10 (1,005)	26%	(4.25, 9.18)
	FVC	6 (423)	42%	(0.01, 0.31)
	FEV1/FVC	9 (925)	71%	(2.43, 7.38)
	CAT	5 (679)	78%	(-3.50, -0.19)
Han et al. [24]	6-MWD	4 (346)	28%	(40.11, 50.42)
	FEV1	5 (450)	82%	(0.14, 0.37)
	FEV1%	7 (775)	36%	(5.02, 7.01)
	FVC	3 (266)	0%	(0.06, 0.48)
	FEV1/FVC	6 (423)	85%	(-0.18, 7.43)
Li et al. [25]	FEV1/pred%	9 (985)	67%	(4.13, 9.60)
	FEV1	4 (346)	75%	(0.14, 0.46)
	FEV1%	8 (905)	73%	(1.84, 7.16)
	FVC	3 (246)	0%	(0.13, 0.54)
	6-MWD	6 (476)	92%	(37.55, 75.16)
Xie et al. [26]	6-MWD	12 (895)	83%	(0.97, 1.68)
	FEV1	12 (895)	94%	(0.56, 1.55)
	FEV1%	15 (1,848)	86%	(0.24, 0.76)
	FVC	9 (925)	68%	(0.03, 0.50)
	FEV1/FVC	14 (1,762)	83%	(0.20, 0.68)
	CAT	3 (443)	87%	(-1.24, 0.12)
	SGRQ	3 (762)	81%	(-1.74,-0.98)
	WHOQOL-BREF	2 (852)	73%	(0.66, 1.22)
Xiao et al. [27]	MRC	3 (136)	62%	(-1.13, -0.33)
	6-MWD	6 (274)	0%	(7.97, 27.58)
	FEV1	8 (502)	83%	(0.07, 0.38)
	FEV1/pred%	10 (580)	97%	(2.92, 12.26)
	FEV1/FVC	12 (769)	95%	(3.22, 10.40)
	CAT	4 (341)	56%	(-3.27, -1.30)
	SGRQ	5 (297)	63%	(-13.13, -6.56)
Gao et al. [28]	MRC	3 (459)	42%	(-0.96, -0.50)
	6-MWD	9 (805)	43%	(14.67, 29.11)
	FEV1	9 (560)	5%	(0.13, 0.24)
	FEV1%	13 (861)	57%	(6.09, 8.18)
	FEV1/FVC	13 (890)	83%	(3.26, 5.14)
	Quality of life	7 (780)	56%	(-1.12, -0.55)
Liu et al. [29]	6-MWD	5 (326)	0%	(10.49, 34.75)
	FEV1	5 (247)	0%	(0.01, 0.18)
	FEV1%	5 (247)	24%	(0.18, 5.97)
Zhang et al. [30]	MRC	5 (228)	22%	(-0.75, -0.36)
	6-MWD	9 (475)	74%	(18.99, 48.52)
	FEV1	6 (337)	67%	(0.06, 0.31)
	FEV1%	13 (644)	89%	(2.55, 9.62)
	CAT	4 (266)	4%	(-3.34, -2.03)
Tong et al. [31]	6-MWD	8 (629)	90%	(19.61, 41.53)
	FEV1	5 (449)	90%	(0.09, 0.56)
	FEV1/FVC	6 (535)	47%	(1.32, 2.26)
	FEV1%	5 (455)	61%	(2.58, 9.5)
	CAT	3 (258)	84%	(-9.49, -1.59)
Li et al. [32]	FEV1% (3 months)	10 (695)	36%	(2.70, 7.98)
	FEV1% (6 months)	9 (1,006)	86%	(2.58, 8.12)
	FEV1/FVC (3 months)	10 (695)	66%	(1.66, 7.31)
	FEV1/FVC (6 months)	11 (926)	79%	(0.38, 4.68)
	CAT	5 (262)	6%	(-5.52, -2.84)
	6-MWD (3 months)	6 (480)	45%	(12.43, 31.78)
	6-MWD (6 months)	9 (628)	95%	(20.59, 68.34)
Yuan et al. [33]	FEV1	4 (258)	73%	(0.21, 0.57)
	FEV1%	4 (273)	97%	(-1.97, 10.79)
	FEV1/FVC	8 (577)	97%	(5.44, 15.35)
	FEV1/pred%	4 (324)	95%	(0.40, 16.48)
	6-MWD	4 (278)	93%	(34.06, 92.79)

Note: SMD: standardized mean difference; MD: mean difference; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in one second; FVC: forced vital capacity; 6-MWD: 6 min walking distance; FEV1/FVC: the amount of air exhaled in the first second divided by all of the air exhaled during a maximal exhalation; SGRQ: St George’s respiratory questionnaire; CAT: COPD assessment test; FEV1%: percentage of the forced expiratory volume in one second; QOL: quality of life; WHOQOL-BREF: the World Health Organization on quality of life brief scale; MRC: medical research council dyspnea scale; FEV1%pred: the percentage of predicted values of FEV1.