Duration of Acute Kidney Injury and In-Hospital Mortality in Elder Patients with Severe COVID-19: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Table 1
Comparisons of the clinical characteristics of patients between transient AKI, persistent AKI, and non-AKI with coronavirus disease 2019.
Characteristic
Non-AKI group (59, 55.1)
Transient AKI (11, 22.9)
Persistent AKI (37, 77.1)
value a
Age (years)
68 (63–75)
73 (67–81)
73 (66–82)
0.097
Male sex
37 (62.7)
6 (54.5)
26 (70.3)
0.578
Body mass index (kg/m2)
0.105
Comorbidity
Hypertension
37 (62.7)
8 (72.7)
28 (75.7)
0.386
Cardiovascular disease
12 (20.3)
4 (36.4)
17 (45.9)
0.028
COPD
12 (20.3)
1 (9.1)
10 (27.0)
0.388
Diabetes
10 (16.9)
1 (9.1)
11 (29.7)
0.193
Cerebrovascular disease
6 (10.2)
6 (54.5)
7 (18.9)
0.006
CKD
0
0
5 (13.5)
0.004
Signs and symptoms
Cough
51 (86.4)
7 (63.6)
31 (83.8)
0.234
Fever
46 (78.0)
9 (81.8)
26 (70.3)
0.615
Dyspnea
47 (79.7)
4 (36.4)
26 (70.3)
0.019
Muscle ache
38 (64.4)
5 (45.5)
25 (67.6)
0.413
Fatigue
34 (57.6)
6 (54.5)
21 (56.8)
0.982
Chest pain
11 (18.6)
1 (9.1)
4 (10.8)
0.478
Chills
11 (18.6)
1 (9.1)
4 (10.8)
0.478
Headache
4 (6.8)
1 (9.1)
1 (2.7)
0.582
Diarrhea
1 (1.7)
0
3 (8.1)
0.204
Chest CT findings
Multiple mottling and ground glass opacity
56 (94.9)
11 (100.0)
33 (89.2)
0.267
Pneumonia
0.549
Unilateral pneumonia
1 (1.7)
0
0
Bilateral pneumonia
58 (98.3)
11 (100.0)
37 (100.0)
Disease classification
<0.001
Severe
30 (50.8)
1 (9.1)
6 (16.2)
Critical
29 (49.2)
10 (90.9)
31 (83.8)
On ICU admission
MAP
0.881
Albumin (g/L)
0.493
BUN (mmol/L)
6.1 (4.5–8.1)
7.3 (4.9–9.8)
10.0 (6.4–14.0)
<0.001
Uric acid (μmol/L)
189.0 (133.0–229.0)
225.0 (192.0–378.0)
293.0 (184.0–427.5)
<0.001
Potassium (μmol/l)
4.2 (3.8–4.5)
4.3 (4.1–5.0)
4.2 (3.9–4.8)
0.372
Sodium (mmol/l)
140.0 (137.0–143.0)
138.0 (139.0–144.0)
143.0 (137.0–146.0)
0.095
Chlorine (mmol/l)
103.0 (100.0–106.0)
103.0 (101.0–109.0)
104.0 (102.0–111.0)
0.097
Calcium (mmol/L)
2.0 (1.9–2.2)
2.0 (1.9–2.3)
2.0 (1.9–2.0)
0.038
Phosphate (mmol/L)
0.9 (0.7–1.0)
1.0 (0.7–1.4)
0.9 (0.7–1.1)
0.223
Magnesium (mmol/L)
0.9 (0.8–1.0)
0.9 (0.9–1.0)
1.0 (0.9–1.1)
0.054
Cystatin C (mg/L)
1.0 (0.9–1.2)
1.4 (1.1–1.8)
1.4 (1.1–1.9)
<0.001
Hemoglobin (g/L)
0.135
Platelets (×109/L)
224 (165–276)
189 (65–351)
152 (58–182)
<0.001
C-reactive protein (mg/L)
33.2 (8.7–112.4)
76.0 (11.7–152.6)
92.6 (25.8–151.9)
0.091
Blood gas analysis
Lactate (mmol/L)
1.2 (0.7–2.3)
1.3 (1.1–3.7)
2.2 (1.5–3.7)
0.001
PH
0.230
PaO2 (mmHg)
78.9 (56.7–114.0)
77.3 (61.6–92.0)
71.0 (56.0–89.0)
0.631
PaCO2 (mmHg)
38.7 (33.4–45.2)
33.6 (32.0–55.2)
41.0 (35.0–47.0)
0.622
Oxygenation index (mmHg)
205.0 (86.0–280.0)
150.0 (62.0–188.0)
87.0 (66.0–166.0)
0.011
Proteinuria
13 (22.0)
9 (81.8)
24 (64.9)
<0.001
Hematuria
19 (32.2)
7 (63.6)
21 (56.8)
0.023
Kidney function
Baseline Scr (μmol/L)
58 (48–66)
58 (54–72)
72.0 (65.0–80.5)
<0.001
Scr on ICU admission (μmol/L)
56.8 (48.6–68.8)
78.0 (55.0–95.0)
84.0 (70.0–124.5)
<0.001
Scr at the time of AKI diagnosis (μmol/L)
56.8 (48.6–68.8)
111.4 (95.0–134.2)
131.7 (113.5–164.6)
<0.001
Peak Scr (μmol/L)
67.6 (57.6–77.1)
111.4 (100.0–245.4)
212.5 (136.5–287.5)
<0.001
Oliguria
0
5 (45.5)
12 (32.4)
<0.001
AKI stage
<0.001
1
0
6 (54.5)
11 (29.7)
2
0
1 (9.1)
8 (21.6)
3
0
4 (36.4)
18 (48.6)
Notes: Values are (%),, or median (interquartile range). Abbreviations: AKI: acute kidney injury; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CKD: chronic kidney disease; MAP: mean arterial pressure; . Scr: serum creatinine; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; ICU: intensive care unit. a values represent the comparability across the three groups.
