Ethnopharmacological Potential of Phytochemicals and Phytogenic Products against Human RNA Viral Diseases as Preventive Therapeutics

Table 1

Plant extract used as anti-RNA viral activity in human.

S. no.	Family	Plant name	Antiviral activity against	Traditional use of plant	Name of city and countries where these were used	Extraction method and parts used	Mechanism of action/reduction of disease intensity
1.	Acanthaceae	Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees [Bitterweed]	Dengue virus (DENV)	By tribal healers, ojha, baidya, medicine men of Bihar	Bihar (state of India) [32]	Crude extract of whole plant	Inhibits the activity of DENV-1 in infected Vero cells in in vitro assay [33]
2.	Acanthaceae	Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees [Bitterweed]	Avian influenza virus (H5N1)	Aerial parts and roots used as traditional medicine in India, China, Thailand, and other Southeast Asian countries to treat many diseases	India, China, and Thailand (countries of Asia) [34]	Water and ethanol extract of leaves [31]	Induce upregulation of IFN-β and TNF-α mRNA expression that inhibit viral replication in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells in an in vitro investigation [31]
3.	Moraceae	Ficus fistulosa Reinw. ex BI. [Kelampung Bukit]	Hepatitis C virus	In folk medicine against respiratory disorder, convulsion, and tuberculosis [35]	80% population of some Asian and African countries and Bangladesh (country in South Asia) [36]	Ethanolic extract of leaves [37]	Inhibition of viral entry [37]
4.	Anacardiaceae	Schinus molle L. [American pepper]	Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)	In folk medicine for treating ulcers, wounds, diarrhea, toothache, menstrual disorders, rheumatism, and respiratory problem that are found in many Brazilian medical literature, as stimulant, antitumor, antifungal, antiseptic, tonic, diuretic, anti-plasmodic, antioxidant, antibacterial agent	Brazil (country of South America) [38]	Crude methanolic extract of leaves [39]	Protects MT-2 T-lymphoblastoid cell from cytopathic effect of HIV [39]
5.	Cucurbitaceae	Gynostemmapentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino [Southern Ginseng or Miracle Plant]	Avian influenza virus (H5N1)	In Southeast Asian countries as herbal medicine to treat diabetes, as antioxidant, antitumor, cholesterol-lowering agent, treatment of chronic tracheitis, bronchitis, infectious hepatitis, pyelitis and gastroenteritis in Chinese medicine	China, (countries in East-Asia) and southeast Asian countries [31]	Water and ethanol extract of dried leaves [31]	Induce upregulation of IFN-β and TNF-α mRNA expression that inhibit viral replication in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells in an in vitro investigation [31]
6.	Equisetaceae	Equisetum giganteum L. [Southern giant horsetail]	Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)	In herbal medicine in Central and South America, diuretic agent in ethnomed [40] icine	Brazil (country of South America) and some other countries of Central and South America [41]	Crude methanolic extract of stem [39]	Protects MT-2 T-lymphoblastoid cell from cytopathic effect of HIV [39, 41]
7.	Zingiberaceae	Curcuma longa L. [turmeric]	Avian influenza virus (H5N1)	Traditional medicine in India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and China, as antiseptic for cuts, bruises, and burns in South Asia	India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan (countries in South-Asia) and China (country in East-Asia) [42]	Water and ethanol extract of root [31]	Induce upregulation of IFN-β and TNF-α mRNA expression that inhibits viral replication in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells in an in vitro investigation [31]
8.	Apocynaceae	Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T.Aiton [Calotrope]	Dengue virus (DENV)	By tribal healers, ojha, baidya, medicine men of Bihar	Bihar (state of India) [33]	Crude extract of leaf and bark [33]	Kills larvae of Aedes aegypti [43]
9.	Caricaceae	Carica papaya L. [papaya]	Dengue virus (DENV)	By traditional healers and local people of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh; local practitioners and traditional healers of Goa, local people of north eastern plain zone of India	Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Goa (states of India) and north eastern plain zone of India (country in South Asia) [33, 44]	Leaf extract [45]	Increases platelets due to administration of extract [45]
10.	Meliaceae	Azadirachta indica A. Juss. [neem]	Dengue virus type 2 (DENV-2)	By traditional healers and tribals of various districts of Bihar	Bihar (state of India) [33]	Leaf extract [33]	In vitro and in vivo study showed reduction of virus [33]
11.	Zingiberaceae	Kaempferia parviflora Wall. ex Baker [Thai ginseng]	Avian influenza virus (H5N1)	In Thai medicine to treat leucorrhoea, oral disease, stomach discomfort, health promotion, as antifungal, antiflatulent, antiplasmodial agent, powder with ethanol used to cure peptic ulcers, diabetes, asthma	Thailand (country in Asia)	Water and ethanol extract of root [31]	Induce upregulation of IFN-β and TNF-α mRNA expression that inhibit viral replication in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells in an in vitro investigation [31]
12.	Magnoliaceae	Magnolia officinalis Rehder & Wilson [Houpo magnolia]	Dengue virus type 2	In eastern medicine, Chinese medicine Hou-Pu that have been used in analgesic, distension, or anxiety relief [46]	China (country in East Asia)	Methanolic extract of bark [47]	Inhibits intracellular DENV-2 replicon [47]
13.	Lamiaceae	Thymus carmanicus Jalas [Avishan]	Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)	Decoction and infusion used for cold in Iranian traditional medicine, as anti-inflammatory, digestive, carminative agents	Iran (country in Western Asia)	Methanolic extract of root [29]	Effect on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) toxicity and HIV-1 replication [29]
14.	Lamiaceae	Thymus vulgaris L. [thyme]	Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)	Decoction and infusion used for cold in Iranian traditional medicine, in folk medicine for asthma and bronchitis, as anti-inflammatory, digestive, carminative, antiseptic, antifungal, antiviral, antimicrobial agents	Iran (countries in Western Asia)	Methanolic extract of root [29]	Effect on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) toxicity and HIV-1 replication [29]
15.	Lamiaceae	Thymus kotschyanus Boiss. & Hohen. [thyme]	Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)	Decoction and infusion used for cold in Iranian traditional medicine, as anti-inflammatory, digestive, carminative agents	Iran (country in Western Asia)	Methanolic extract of root [29]	Effect on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) toxicity and HIV-1 replication [29]
16.	Lamiaceae	Thymus daenensis Celak [thyme]	Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)	Decoction and infusion used for cold in Iranian traditional medicine, as anti-inflammatory, digestive, carminative agents	Iran (countries in Western Asia)	Methanolic extract of root [29]	Effect on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) toxicity and HIV-1 replication [29]
17.	Myrtaceae	Psidium guajava L. [guava]	Avian influenza virus (H5N1)	In South-Eastern Nigeria to treat cough, malaria, stomach disorders, and loss of appetite	Nigeria (country in West Africa) [48]	Water and ethanolic extract of dried leaves [31]	Induce upregulation of IFN-β and TNF-α mRNA expression that inhibit viral replication in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells in an in vitro investigation [31]
18.	Verbenaceae	Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon. [Bharangi]	Yellow fever virus	Used in Yunani, Ayurveda, traditional Chinese medicine, Japanese Kampo medicine	China, Japan (countries in East Asia) [49]	Ethanolic and methanolic extract of whole plant [50]	Prevent viral infection through the bite of mosquito vector [50]
19.	Combretaceae	Terminalia chebula Retz. [Chebulic myrobalan]	Enterovirus	Used in Yunani, Ayurveda, traditional Chinese medicine, Japanese Kampo medicine	China, Japan (countries in East Asia) [49]	Ethanolic and methanolic extract of leaves [50]	Inhibits viral replication [50]
20.	Vitaceae	Ampelocissus tomentosa (Heyne ex Roth) Planch. [hairy wild grape]	Chikungunya virus	Used in Yunani, Ayurveda, traditional Chinese medicine, Japanese Kampo medicine	China, Japan (countries in East Asia) [49]	Ethanolic and methanolic extract of root [50]	Inhibits viral replication [50]
21.	Crassulaceae	Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. [flaming Katy]	Chikungunya virus	Used in Yunani, Ayurveda, traditional Chinese medicine, Japanese Kampo medicine	China, Japan (countries in East Asia) [49]	Ethanolic and methanolic extract of leaves [50]	Inhibits viral replication [50]
22.	Cupressaceae	Thuja orientalis L. [Chinese thuja]	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)	In traditional medicine and homeopath, to treat bronchitis, skin infection, excessive menstruation, arthritic pains, coughs, dysentery, named as Chinese Thuja, in other regions of the Asian continent	China (country in East Asia) and in other regions of the Asian continent	Oil extract of plant [51]	Inhibits viral replication [51]
23.	Cupressaceae	Juniperus oxycedrus L. [Cade juniper]	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)	In infectious disease, colds, fungal infections, cough, gynecological disease, wounds in Turkish folk medicine, as anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive	Turki (lying partly in Asia and partly in Europe) [52]	Oil extract of plant [51]	Inhibits viral replication [51]
24.	Elaeagnaceae	Hippophae rhamnoidesL. [Sea buckthorn]	Dengue virus type-2 (DENV-2)	In Tibetan traditional and Chinese medicine	Tibet is a part of China (country of East Asia) [53]	Alcoholic extract of leaves [33]	Decreases THF-α, increases INF-γ production, increases cell viability in in vitro assay against dengue virus type-2 [33]
25	Menispermaceae	Tinospora cordifolia (Thunb.) Miers [Guduchi]	Dengue virus (DENV)	In traditional folk medicine of India for treating diabetes	India (country in South Asia) [54]	Decoction of stems [55]	Reduce inflammation and fever, enhance the killing ability of macrophages [55]