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S. no. | Family | Plant name | Antiviral activity against | Traditional use of plant | Name of city and countries where these were used | Extraction method and parts used | Mechanism of action/reduction of disease intensity |
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1. | Acanthaceae | Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees [Bitterweed] | Dengue virus (DENV) | By tribal healers, ojha, baidya, medicine men of Bihar | Bihar (state of India) [32] | Crude extract of whole plant | Inhibits the activity of DENV-1 in infected Vero cells in in vitro assay [33] |
2. | Acanthaceae | Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees [Bitterweed] | Avian influenza virus (H5N1) | Aerial parts and roots used as traditional medicine in India, China, Thailand, and other Southeast Asian countries to treat many diseases | India, China, and Thailand (countries of Asia) [34] | Water and ethanol extract of leaves [31] | Induce upregulation of IFN-β and TNF-α mRNA expression that inhibit viral replication in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells in an in vitro investigation [31] |
3. | Moraceae | Ficus fistulosa Reinw. ex BI. [Kelampung Bukit] | Hepatitis C virus | In folk medicine against respiratory disorder, convulsion, and tuberculosis [35] | 80% population of some Asian and African countries and Bangladesh (country in South Asia) [36] | Ethanolic extract of leaves [37] | Inhibition of viral entry [37] |
4. | Anacardiaceae | Schinus molle L. [American pepper] | Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) | In folk medicine for treating ulcers, wounds, diarrhea, toothache, menstrual disorders, rheumatism, and respiratory problem that are found in many Brazilian medical literature, as stimulant, antitumor, antifungal, antiseptic, tonic, diuretic, anti-plasmodic, antioxidant, antibacterial agent | Brazil (country of South America) [38] | Crude methanolic extract of leaves [39] | Protects MT-2 T-lymphoblastoid cell from cytopathic effect of HIV [39] |
5. | Cucurbitaceae | Gynostemmapentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino [Southern Ginseng or Miracle Plant] | Avian influenza virus (H5N1) | In Southeast Asian countries as herbal medicine to treat diabetes, as antioxidant, antitumor, cholesterol-lowering agent, treatment of chronic tracheitis, bronchitis, infectious hepatitis, pyelitis and gastroenteritis in Chinese medicine | China, (countries in East-Asia) and southeast Asian countries [31] | Water and ethanol extract of dried leaves [31] | Induce upregulation of IFN-β and TNF-α mRNA expression that inhibit viral replication in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells in an in vitro investigation [31] |
6. | Equisetaceae | Equisetum giganteum L. [Southern giant horsetail] | Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) | In herbal medicine in Central and South America, diuretic agent in ethnomed [40] icine | Brazil (country of South America) and some other countries of Central and South America [41] | Crude methanolic extract of stem [39] | Protects MT-2 T-lymphoblastoid cell from cytopathic effect of HIV [39, 41] |
7. | Zingiberaceae | Curcuma longa L. [turmeric] | Avian influenza virus (H5N1) | Traditional medicine in India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and China, as antiseptic for cuts, bruises, and burns in South Asia | India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan (countries in South-Asia) and China (country in East-Asia) [42] | Water and ethanol extract of root [31] | Induce upregulation of IFN-β and TNF-α mRNA expression that inhibits viral replication in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells in an in vitro investigation [31] |
8. | Apocynaceae | Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T.Aiton [Calotrope] | Dengue virus (DENV) | By tribal healers, ojha, baidya, medicine men of Bihar | Bihar (state of India) [33] | Crude extract of leaf and bark [33] | Kills larvae of Aedes aegypti [43] |
9. | Caricaceae | Carica papaya L. [papaya] | Dengue virus (DENV) | By traditional healers and local people of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh; local practitioners and traditional healers of Goa, local people of north eastern plain zone of India | Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Goa (states of India) and north eastern plain zone of India (country in South Asia) [33, 44] | Leaf extract [45] | Increases platelets due to administration of extract [45] |
10. | Meliaceae | Azadirachta indica A. Juss. [neem] | Dengue virus type 2 (DENV-2) | By traditional healers and tribals of various districts of Bihar | Bihar (state of India) [33] | Leaf extract [33] | In vitro and in vivo study showed reduction of virus [33] |
11. | Zingiberaceae | Kaempferia parviflora Wall. ex Baker [Thai ginseng] | Avian influenza virus (H5N1) | In Thai medicine to treat leucorrhoea, oral disease, stomach discomfort, health promotion, as antifungal, antiflatulent, antiplasmodial agent, powder with ethanol used to cure peptic ulcers, diabetes, asthma | Thailand (country in Asia) | Water and ethanol extract of root [31] | Induce upregulation of IFN-β and TNF-α mRNA expression that inhibit viral replication in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells in an in vitro investigation [31] |
12. | Magnoliaceae | Magnolia officinalis Rehder & Wilson [Houpo magnolia] | Dengue virus type 2 | In eastern medicine, Chinese medicine Hou-Pu that have been used in analgesic, distension, or anxiety relief [46] | China (country in East Asia) | Methanolic extract of bark [47] | Inhibits intracellular DENV-2 replicon [47] |
13. | Lamiaceae | Thymus carmanicus Jalas [Avishan] | Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) | Decoction and infusion used for cold in Iranian traditional medicine, as anti-inflammatory, digestive, carminative agents | Iran (country in Western Asia) | Methanolic extract of root [29] | Effect on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) toxicity and HIV-1 replication [29] |
14. | Lamiaceae | Thymus vulgaris L. [thyme] | Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) | Decoction and infusion used for cold in Iranian traditional medicine, in folk medicine for asthma and bronchitis, as anti-inflammatory, digestive, carminative, antiseptic, antifungal, antiviral, antimicrobial agents | Iran (countries in Western Asia) | Methanolic extract of root [29] | Effect on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) toxicity and HIV-1 replication [29] |
15. | Lamiaceae | Thymus kotschyanus Boiss. & Hohen. [thyme] | Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) | Decoction and infusion used for cold in Iranian traditional medicine, as anti-inflammatory, digestive, carminative agents | Iran (country in Western Asia) | Methanolic extract of root [29] | Effect on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) toxicity and HIV-1 replication [29] |
16. | Lamiaceae | Thymus daenensis Celak [thyme] | Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) | Decoction and infusion used for cold in Iranian traditional medicine, as anti-inflammatory, digestive, carminative agents | Iran (countries in Western Asia) | Methanolic extract of root [29] | Effect on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) toxicity and HIV-1 replication [29] |
17. | Myrtaceae | Psidium guajava L. [guava] | Avian influenza virus (H5N1) | In South-Eastern Nigeria to treat cough, malaria, stomach disorders, and loss of appetite | Nigeria (country in West Africa) [48] | Water and ethanolic extract of dried leaves [31] | Induce upregulation of IFN-β and TNF-α mRNA expression that inhibit viral replication in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells in an in vitro investigation [31] |
18. | Verbenaceae | Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon. [Bharangi] | Yellow fever virus | Used in Yunani, Ayurveda, traditional Chinese medicine, Japanese Kampo medicine | China, Japan (countries in East Asia) [49] | Ethanolic and methanolic extract of whole plant [50] | Prevent viral infection through the bite of mosquito vector [50] |
19. | Combretaceae | Terminalia chebula Retz. [Chebulic myrobalan] | Enterovirus | Used in Yunani, Ayurveda, traditional Chinese medicine, Japanese Kampo medicine | China, Japan (countries in East Asia) [49] | Ethanolic and methanolic extract of leaves [50] | Inhibits viral replication [50] |
20. | Vitaceae | Ampelocissus tomentosa (Heyne ex Roth) Planch. [hairy wild grape] | Chikungunya virus | Used in Yunani, Ayurveda, traditional Chinese medicine, Japanese Kampo medicine | China, Japan (countries in East Asia) [49] | Ethanolic and methanolic extract of root [50] | Inhibits viral replication [50] |
21. | Crassulaceae | Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. [flaming Katy] | Chikungunya virus | Used in Yunani, Ayurveda, traditional Chinese medicine, Japanese Kampo medicine | China, Japan (countries in East Asia) [49] | Ethanolic and methanolic extract of leaves [50] | Inhibits viral replication [50] |
22. | Cupressaceae | Thuja orientalis L. [Chinese thuja] | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) | In traditional medicine and homeopath, to treat bronchitis, skin infection, excessive menstruation, arthritic pains, coughs, dysentery, named as Chinese Thuja, in other regions of the Asian continent | China (country in East Asia) and in other regions of the Asian continent | Oil extract of plant [51] | Inhibits viral replication [51] |
23. | Cupressaceae | Juniperus oxycedrus L. [Cade juniper] | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) | In infectious disease, colds, fungal infections, cough, gynecological disease, wounds in Turkish folk medicine, as anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive | Turki (lying partly in Asia and partly in Europe) [52] | Oil extract of plant [51] | Inhibits viral replication [51] |
24. | Elaeagnaceae | Hippophae rhamnoidesL. [Sea buckthorn] | Dengue virus type-2 (DENV-2) | In Tibetan traditional and Chinese medicine | Tibet is a part of China (country of East Asia) [53] | Alcoholic extract of leaves [33] | Decreases THF-α, increases INF-γ production, increases cell viability in in vitro assay against dengue virus type-2 [33] |
25 | Menispermaceae | Tinospora cordifolia (Thunb.) Miers [Guduchi] | Dengue virus (DENV) | In traditional folk medicine of India for treating diabetes | India (country in South Asia) [54] | Decoction of stems [55] | Reduce inflammation and fever, enhance the killing ability of macrophages [55] |
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