BioMed Research International

Review Article

Ethnopharmacological Potential of Phytochemicals and Phytogenic Products against Human RNA Viral Diseases as Preventive Therapeutics

Table 4

Medicinally important plant-derived active compounds used for curing human RNA viral diseases.


S. no.	Family	Plant name	Active compound	Family of virus	Virus name	Type of viral RNA	Human diseases	Reference

5.	Theaceae	Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze [tea]	Theaflavin	Coronaviridae	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)	Positive-sense ssRNA	Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)	[90]
6.	Acanthaceae	Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees [Kalmegh]	Andrographolide	Togaviridae	Chikungunya virus (CHIKV)	Positive-sense ssRNA	Chikungunya fever	[91]
7.	Ancistrocladaceae	Ancistrocladuskorupensis D.W. Thomas & Gereau	Naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids from root bark	Retroviridae	Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)	Positive-sense ssRNA	AIDS	[27]
8.	Berberidaceae	Berbaris amurensis Rupr. [Amur barberry]	Berbamine	Coronaviridae	Respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)	Positive-sense ssRNA	COVID-19	[66]
9.	Ancistrocladaceae	Ancistrocladus congolensis J, Léonard	Michellamine-type dimeric naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids from root bark	Retroviridae	Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)	Positive-sense ssRNA	AIDS	[92]
10.	Fabaceae	Castanospermum australe A.Cunn & C.Fraser ex Hook. [Blackbean]	Castanospermine	Coronaviridae	Respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)	Positive-sense ssRNA	COVID-19	[67]
11.	Halymeniaceae	Cryptonemiacrenulata (J.Agardh) J.Agardh	Galactan	Flaviviridae	Dengue virus type 2, 3 and 4 (DENV-2, DENV-3, DENV-4)	Positive-sense ssRNA	Dengue (Breakbone fever)	[39]
12.	Apiaceae	Bupleurum sp.	Triterpene glycosides (named Saikosaponins B₂)	Coronaviridae	Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-22E9)	Positive-sense ssRNA	Nosocomial respiratory viral infection (NRVI)	[93]
13.	Fabaceae	Tephrosia madrensis Seem. [Hoarypea]	Glabranine and 7-O-methyl-glabranine from leaves and flowers	Flaviviridae	Dengue virus (DENV)	Positive-sense ssRNA	Dengue (Breakbone fever)	[94]
14.	Apiaceae	Heteromorpha sp.	Triterpene glycosides (named Saikosaponins B₂)	Coronaviridae	Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-22E9)	Positive-sense ssRNA	Nosocomial respiratory viral infection (NRVI)	[93]
15.	Moraceae	Broussnetiapapyrifera (L.) Vent. [paper mulberry]	Kazinol F, Broussochalcone A from roots	Coronaviridae	Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)	Positive-sense ssRNA	Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome	[69, 70]
16.	Nelumbonaceae	Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. [lotus]	Isoliensinine	Coronaviridae	Respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)	Positive-sense ssRNA	COVID-19	[95]
17.	Nelumbonaceae	Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. [lotus]	Liensinine	Coronaviridae	Respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)	Positive-sense ssRNA	COVID-19	[95]
18.	Moraceae	Broussnetiapapyrifera (L.) Vent. [paper mulberry]	3-(3-Methylbut-2-enyl)-3,4,7-trihydroxyflavane from roots	Coronaviridae	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)	Positive-sense ssRNA	Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)	[70]
19.	Polygonaceae	Reynoutria multiflora (Thunb.) Moldenke	Emodin	Coronaviridae	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)	Positive-sense ssRNA	Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)	[51]
20.	Ranunculacea	Thalictrum podocarpum Kunth ex DC. [Meadow-rue]	Hernandezine	Coronaviridae	Respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)	Positive-sense ssRNA	COVID-19	[96]
21.	Polygonaceae	Rheum officinale L. [Chinese rhubarb]	Emodin	Coronaviridae	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)	Positive-sense ssRNA	Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)	[51]
22.	Zingiberaceae	Curcuma longa L. [turmeric]	Curcumin	Coronaviridae	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)	Positive-sense ssRNA	Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)	[51]
23.	Nelumbonaceae	Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. [lotus]	Neferine	Coronaviridae	Respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)	Positive-sense ssRNA	COVID-19	[95, 96]
24.	Myricaceae	Myrica faya Ait. [fire tree]	Myricetin	Coronaviridae	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)	Positive-sense ssRNA	Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)	[51]
25.	Meliaceae	Toona sinensis (A.Juss.) M.Roem. [Chinese mahogany]	Quercetin	Coronaviridae	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)	Positive-sense ssRNA	Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)	[51]
26.	Rubiaceae	Cinchona officinalis L. [Lojabark]	Quinacrine	Coronaviridae	Respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)	Positive-sense ssRNA	COVID-19	[97]
27.	Linaceae	Linum usitatissimum L. [Flax]	Herbacetin	Coronaviridae	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)	Positive-sense ssRNA	Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)	[51, 68]
28.	Lamiaceae	Scutellaria lateriflora L. [blue skullcap]	Scutellarein	Coronaviridae	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)	Positive-sense ssRNA	Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)	[51]
29.	Fabaceae	Pterocarpus santalinus L. f. [red sanders]	Savinin	Coronaviridae	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)	Positive-sense ssRNA	Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)	[51]
30.	Cupressaceae	Chamaecyparis obtusa var. formosana [Taiwan yellow cypress]	Betulonic acid, Savinin, Hinokinin	Coronaviridae	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)	Positive-sense ssRNA	Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)	[51]
31.	Celastraceae	Triterygium regelii Sprag. & Takeda [Regel’s threewingnut]	Iguesterin, Tingenone, Pristimerin, Celastrol	Coronaviridae	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)	Positive-sense ssRNA	Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)	[51]
32.	Brassicaceae	Isatisindigotica fortune [Chinese woad]	Sinigrin, Hesperetin	Coronaviridae	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)	Positive-sense ssRNA	Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)	[51]
33.	Amaryllidaceae	Allium sativum L. [garlic]	Allyl trisulfide, allyl disulfide	Coronaviridae	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)	Positive-sense ssRNA	Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)	[51, 98]
34.	Acanthaceae	Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees [Kalmegh]	Andrographolide	Coronaviridae	Respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)	Positive-sense ssRNA	COVID-19	[88]
35.	Meliaceae	Aglaia sp.	Silvestrol	Coronaviridae	Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E)	Positive-sense ssRNA	Nosocomial respiratory viral infection (NRVI)	[70, 99]
36.	Meliaceae	Aglaia sp.	Silvestrol	Coronaviridae	Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)	Positive-sense ssRNA	Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome	[99]
37.	Ranunculaceae	Nigella sativa L. [black cumin]	Dithymoquinone	Coronaviridae	Respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)	Positive-sense ssRNA	COVID-19	[59]
38.	Solanaceae	Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal [Ashwagandha]	Withanoside V	Coronaviridae	Respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)	Positive-sense ssRNA	COVID-19	[64]
39.	Solanaceae	Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal [Ashwagandha]	Somniferine	Coronaviridae	Respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)	Positive-sense ssRNA	COVID-19	[64]
40.	Phyllophoraceae	Gymnogongrusgriffithsiae (Turner) C. Martius	Sulphated polysaccharide (named kappa carrageenan) from whole plants	Flaviviridae	Dengue virus type 2 (DENV-2)	Positive-sense ssRNA	Dengue (Breakbone fever)	[94]
41.	Solanaceae	Atropa belladonna L. [belladonna]	l-hyoscyamine, atropine, Belldonic, Scopoletin (l-methyl aesculetin), hyoscine, and pyridine and N-methyl praline	Filoviridae	Ebola virus	Negative-sense ssRNA	Ebola haemorrhagic fever (Ebola HF)	[100, 101]
42.	Scrophulariaceae	Scrophularia scorodonia L. [Balm-leaved Figwort]	Triterpene glycosides (named Saikosaponins B₂)	Coronaviridae	Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-22E9)	Positive-sense ssRNA	Nosocomial respiratory viral infection (NRVI)	[93]
43.	Chordariaceae	CladosiphonokamuranusTokida [Mozuku]	Fucoidan from whole plants	Flaviviridae	Dengue virus type 2 (DENV-2)	Positive-sense ssRNA	Dengue (Breakbone fever)	[94]
44.	Fabaceae	Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit [white leadtree]	Galactomanan from seeds	Flaviviridae	Dengue virus (DENV)	Positive-sense ssRNA	Dengue (Breakbone fever)	[94]
45.	Theaceae	Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze	Epicatechin gallate	Coronaviridae	Respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)	Positive-sense ssRNA	COVID-19	[65]
46.	Menispermaceae	Tinospora cordifolia (Thunb.) Miers [Gurjo]	Tinocordiside	Coronaviridae	Respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)	Positive-sense ssRNA	COVID-19	[64]
47.	Fabaceae	Mimosa scabrella Benth. [Bracatinga]	Galactomanan from seeds	Flaviviridae	Dengue virus (DENV)	Positive-sense ssRNA	Dengue (Breakbone fever)	[94]
48.	Celastraceae	Cassine xylocarpa Vent. [Marbletree]	Pentacyclic lupane-type triterpenoids	Retroviridae	Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)	Positive-sense ssRNA	AIDS	[9]
49.	Celastraceae	Maytenus cuzcoina Loes.	Pentacyclic lupane-type triterpenoids	Retroviridae	Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)	Positive-sense ssRNA	AIDS	[9]
50.	Phyllanthaceae	Phyllanthus emblica L. [Indian gooseberry]	Highly oxygenated norbisabolane sesquiterpenoids (Phyllaemblicins H1-H14) from root	Orthomyxoviridae	Influenza A virus strain H3N2	Negative-sense ssRNA	Influenza (flu)	[9]
51.	Lamiaceae	Ocimum sanctum L. [Tulsi]	Vicenin	Coronaviridae	Respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)	Positive-sense ssRNA	COVID-19	[64]
52.	Magnoliaceae	Magnolia officinalis Rehder & Wilson [Houpo magnolia]	Honokiol	Flaviviridae	Dengue virus type 2 (DENV-2)	Positive-sense ssRNA	Dengue (Breakbone fever)	[9]
53.	Lamiaceae	Ocimum sanctum L. [Tulsi]	4-O-glucoside 2-O-p-hydroxybenzoagte	Coronaviridae	Respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)	Positive-sense ssRNA	COVID-19	[64]
54.	Fabaceae	Tephrosia madrensis Seem.	Methyl-hildgardtol A from leaves and flowers	Flaviviridae	Dengue virus (DENV)	Positive-sense ssRNA	Dengue (Breakbone fever)	[94]
55.	Lamiaceae	Ocimum sanctum L. [Tulsi]	Isorientin	Coronaviridae	Respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)	Positive-sense ssRNA	COVID-19	[64]
56.	Theaceae	Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze	Gallocatechin-3-gallate	Coronaviridae	Respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)	Positive-sense ssRNA	COVID-19	[65]
57.	Fabaceae	Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit [White leadtree]	Epicatechin gallate	Flaviviridae	Yellow fever virus	Positive sense ssRNA	Yellow fever	[94]
58.	Papaveraceae	Chelidonium majus L. [greater celandine]	Low-sulfated poly-glycosaminoglycan moiety from freshly prepared crude extract	Retroviridae	Retrovirus (HIV)	ssRNA	AIDS	[27]
59.	Gentianaceae	Swertia bimaculata (Siebold & Zucc.) Hook. f. & Thomson ex C.B. Clarke [double-spotted Swertia]	Sesterterpenoid	Retroviridae	Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)	Positive-sense ssRNA	AIDS	[27, 102]
60.	Gentianaceae	Swertia punicea Hemsl.	Xanthone	Retroviridae	Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)	Positive-sense ssRNA	AIDS	[27]
61.	Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia neriifolia L. [Indian Spurge Tree]	Diterpenoids (named eurifoloids E and F)	Retroviridae	Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)	Positive-sense ssRNA	AIDS	[27]
62.	Menispermaceae	Stephania tetrandra S. Moore [Fen Fang Ji]	Tetrandrine, Cepharanthine, Fangchinoline	Coronaviridae	Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43)	Positive-sense ssRNA	—	[70, 103]
63.	Acanthaceae	Rhinacanthus nasutus (L.) Kurz [Snake jasmine]	Lawsone methyl ether from leaves	Retroviridae	Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)	Positive-sense ssRNA	AIDS	[27]
64.	Lauraceae	Laurus nobilis L. [bay tree]	Beta-ocimene, 1,8-cineole, alpha-pinene, beta-pinene in extracted oil from plant	Coronaviridae	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)	Positive-sense ssRNA	Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)	[51]
65.	Ranunculaceae	Nigella sativa L. [black cumin]	Thymoquinone, nigellimine	Coronaviridae	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2),	Positive-sense ssRNA	Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)	[104]