A Systematic Review on the Occurrence of Antimicrobial-Resistant Escherichia coli in Poultry and Poultry Environments in Bangladesh between 2010 and 2021

Table 1

Major findings of studies (2010–2021) focused on antimicrobial resistance in E. coli in poultry in Bangladesh.

Study duration/study area	Published year	Sample category	Sample types ()	No. of PCR-positive E. coli	Resistance phenotype (DDT)	Resistance genotype (PCR)	MDR	ESBL	References
2012/Dhaka	2016	Broiler	Feces (40)	11	AMX, TE, STM, NFT, CIP, and LEV	blaTEM	√	DDST, PCR	[28]
2013/Jessore	2018	Broiler	Cloacal swabs (8)	5	AMP, CL, E, NEO, and P	—	√	—	[29]
2014/Sylhet	2015	Broiler	Cloacal swabs and liver sample (100)	42	GEN, E, P, CPX, AMX, and NA	—	√	—	[30]
2015/Mymensingh, Gazipur, and Sherpur	2015	Broiler	Dressed broiler (60)	50	AMX, AZM, CIP, E, GEN, NOR, S, and TE	—	√	—	[31]
2016/Chattogram	2019	Broiler	Cloacal swabs (60)	37	AMP, CRO, TE, STM, GEN, CL, C, CIP, NA, and E	blaTEM, tetA, and sulII	√	—	[32]
2017/Mymensingh	2018	Broiler	Cloacal swabs (65)	54	PLX, OFX, MOX, GAT, and LEV	qnrS	—	—	[33]
2017/Jamalpur, Tangail, Kishoreganj, and Netrokona	2018	Broiler	Dressed broiler (70)	17	AMX, AZM, E, GEN, NOR, S, and TE	—	√	—	[34]
2017/Chittagong	2020	Broiler	Cloacal swabs, environmental samples (300)	146	OXT, CIP	tetA, tetB, and tetC	—	—	[35]
2017-18/unknown	2020	Layer	Feces, cecum, poultry pen, and environment	104 isolates	AMP, TE, FOX, CRO, CTX, CAZ, CFM, FEP, CIP, NA, GEN, STM, NFT, and TAZ	mcr-1, blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-9, blaTEM, blaOXA-1, blaOXA-47, qnrB, qnrS, and rmtB	√	PCR	[7]
2017-18/Narsingdi, Narayanganj, and Manikganj	2020	Layer	Droppings, cloacal swabs, internal organs, feed, water, and egg surface swabs	392 isolates	DOX, AMP, TE, NFT, CIP, NA, FOX, IMP, GEN, C, SUL, AZM, and Pb	—	√	—	[36]
2018/Dhaka and Rajshahi	2019	Broiler	Cloacal swabs (400)	400	AMP, TE, S, CIP, E, STM, CL, GEN, and LEV	tetA, tetB, blaTEM, aadA1, ereA, and dfrA1	√	—	[37]
2018/Mymensingh	2019	Broiler	Cloacal swabs (60)	44	ERT, MEM, IMP, and CL	mcr-3	—	—	[38]
2018-19/Mymensingh and Tangail	2020	Turkey	Feces and intestinal contents (55)	55	LEV, E, GEN, C, CIP, S, MEM, and TE	tetA	√	—	[39]
2019/Dhaka, Sylhet, Mymensingh, Chattogram, and Rajshahi	2020	Broiler	Frozen chicken meat (133)	86	CIP, NA, LEV, NOR, GAT, PLX, OFX, CPX, CE, CXM, CEC, CAZ, CRO, CTX, FEP, FOX, AMP, AMX, AMC, TAZ, IMP, MEM, CL, Pb, AZN, GEN, TOB, AMK, S, NEO, TE, OXT, DOX, STM, TIG, C, and AZM	blaTEM, blaCTX-M-1	√	DDST, PCR	[40]
2019/Mymensingh	2020	Layer	Feces, intestinal contents, and egg yolk, air (99)	82	AMP, TE, C, E, EN, NOR, CIP, S, CL, and GEN	—	√	—	[41]
2020/Sylhet, Moulvibazar, Sunamganj, and Habiganj	2020	Broiler and layer	Chicken meat swabs (600), broilers-300, and layers-300	381 (broilers-197, layers-184)	STM, E, TE, S, AMP, C, and GEN	tetA sulI, aadA1, ereA, aac-3-IV, cmlA, catA1, blaSHV, and CITM	√	PCR	[42]
2020/Mymensingh	2021	Broiler	Cloacal swab, farm sewage, and hand washes (150)	114	LEV, CIP, CAZ, CRO, CTX, AMC, CL, DOX, IMP, and MEM	—	√	—	[43]

= total number of samples tested; DDT = disk diffusion test; PCR = polymerase chain reaction; MDR = multidrug resistance; AMX = amoxicillin; TE = tetracycline; STM = sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim; NFT = nitrofurantoin; CIP = ciprofloxacin; LEV = levofloxacin; AMP = ampicillin; CL = colistin; E = erythromycin; NEO = neomycin; P = penicillin; GEN = gentamicin; CPX = cephalexin; NA = nalidixic acid; S = streptomycin; PLX = pefloxacin; OFX = ofloxacin; MOX = moxifloxacin; GAT = gatifloxacin; OXT = oxytetracycline; DOX = doxycycline; ERT = ertapenem; MEM = meropenem; IMP = imipenem; C = chloramphenicol; EN = enrofloxacin; NOR = norfloxacin; AZM = azithromycin; CTX = cefotaxime; CE = cephradine; CXM = cefuroxime; CEC = cefaclor; CRO = ceftriaxone; FOX = cefoxitin; CAZ = ceftazidime; CFM = cefixime; TAZ = tazobactam; SUL = sulfonamide; Pb = polymyxin B; FEP = cefepime; AMC = amoxiclav; AZN = aztreonam; TOB = tobramycin; AMK = amikacin; TIG = tigecycline; DDST = double-disk synergy test; ESBL = extended-spectrum beta-lactamase.