The Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 as a Predictor Biomarker for Periodontitis with the Presence and Absence of Smoking: A Case-Control Study

Figure 1

Concentration of LL-37 in saliva (ng/ml). Comparisons were done using ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc analysis between the nonsmoker healthy and other study groups. Significant at value ≤ 0.001. ns: nonsignificant; NSH: nonsmoker with healthy periodontium; SH: smoker with healthy periodontium; NSP: nonsmoker periodontitis; SP: smoker periodontitis.