The Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 as a Predictor Biomarker for Periodontitis with the Presence and Absence of Smoking: A Case-Control Study

Table 1

Demographic characteristics, clinical periodontal parameters, and biomarker concentration of the study groups.

Characteristics	NSH	SH	NSP	SP	value
Age	42.70 ± 9.69	44.67 ± 10.02	44.65 ± 8.84	44.72 ± 8.90	0.719
Sex
Male	31	40	35	40	—
Female	9	0	5	0
PPD	—	—	4.81 ± 0.69	5.17 ± 0.44	0.007
CAL	—	—	5.56 ± 0.36	5.99 ± 0.05	0.001
BOP%	8.14 ± 1.30	^§	^§	^§	0.000
LL-37 ng/ml	35.63 ± 14.07	32.54 ± 12.27	^§	^§	0.000

All values are presented by except sex. Statistics were done using ANOVA for all comparisons except for PPD and CAL comparison which was done using -test. NSH: nonsmoker with healthy periodontium; SH: smoker with healthy periodontium; NSP: nonsmoker periodontitis; SP: smoker periodontitis; PPD: probing pocket depth; CAL: clinical attachment level; BOP%: percentage of bleeding on probing; Significant at value < 0.05. ^§ value < 0.05 ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc analysis compared with NSH.