In Vitro Antibacterial and Phytochemical Screening of Hypericum perforatum Extract as Potential Antimicrobial Agents against Multi-Drug-Resistant (MDR) Strains of Clinical Origin

Table 1

Resistance profile of multi-drug-resistant isolates.

Microorganism	Resistance pattern of antibiotic agent (R)	Sensitivity pattern of antibiotic agent (S)	Ratio of the no. of resistant antibiotics/total no. of antibiotics
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus	FOX, PG, OX, IMP, GN, CIP, E, CC, TET, & FA	MOX, LZD, TEC, VA, TET, TGC, RIF, SXT, & FOS	10/19
Enterococcus faecalis	PG, AMP, CXM, CXM/AXETIL, GN HL, STREP HL, LEV, MOX, E, CC, Q-D, TET, & SXT	AMP/S, IMP, LZD, TEC, VAN, TGC, & NI	13/20
Escherichia coli	TEM, AMP, AMC, PIP, TZP, CF, CXM, CXM-axetil, CTX, CAZ, CRO, FEP, ETP, MEM, CIP, NI, & SXT	AK, GN, TGC, FOS, & CT	18/23
Klebsiella pneumoniae	TEM, AMP, AMC, PIP, TZP, CF, CXM, CXM-axetil, CTX, CAZ, CRO, FEP, ERTP, AK, GN, CIP, IMP, MEM, & NI	TGC, FOS, CT, & SXT	19/23
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	TIC, TCC, PIP, TZP, CAZ, FEP, IMP, MEM, AK, GN, TM, CIP, PEF, MNO, CT, SXT	—	16/16
Acinetobacter baumannii	TEM, AMP, AMC, PIP, TZP, CF, CXM, CXM-axetil, CTX, CAZ, FEP, IMP, MEM, GN, CIP, FOS, NI, CRO, ERTP, & SXT	AK, TGC, & CT	20/23
Proteus mirabilis	AMP, PIP, CF, CXM, CXM-axetil, CTX, CAZ, CRO, FEP, CIP, FOS, NI, SXT, TGC, & CT	TEM, AMC, TZP, ERT, IMP, MEM, AK, & GN	15/23
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia	TEM, AMP, AMC, PIP, TZP, CF, CXM, CXM-axetil, CTX, CAZ, CRO, FEP, ETP, IMP, MEM, AK, GN, CIP, TGC, FOS, NI, & SXT	CL	22/23

Used antibiotics: A/S = ampicillin/sulbactam; AK = amikacin; AMC = amoxicillin/clavulanic acid; AMP = ampicillin; CAZ = ceftazidime; CF = cephalothin; CIP = ciprofloxacin; CLN = clindamycin; CRO = ceftriaxone; CT = colistin; CTX = cefotaxime; CXM = cefuroxime; CXM-axetil = cefuroxime axetil; E = erythromycin; ETP = ertapenem; FD = fusidic acid; FEP = cefepime; FOS = fosfomycin; FOX = cefoxitin; GN = gentamicin; GN HL = gentamicin high level; ICR = inducible clindamycin resistance; IMP = imipenem; LEV = levofloxacin; LZD = linezolid; MEM = meropenem; MNO = minocycline; MOX = moxifloxacin; NI = nitrofurantoin; OX = oxacillin; P = benzylpenicillin; PEF = pefloxacin; PIP = piperacillin; Q-D = quinupristin/dalfopristin; RIF = rifampicin; STREP HL = streptomycin high level; SXT = trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole; TCC = ticarcillin/clavulanic acid; TEC = teicoplanin; TEM = temocillin; TET = tetracycline; TGC = tigecycline; TIC = ticarcillin; TM = tobramycin; TZP = piperacillin/tazobactam; VAN = vancomycin.