Niosome as an Effective Nanoscale Solution for the Treatment of Microbial Infections

Table 1

Summary of microbial infections.

Microorganisms	Type of infection	Risk factor	Ref.
Bacterial agents
Staphylococcus aureus	(i) Skin infection; (ii) Endocarditis; (iii) Respiratory infection (pneumonia); (iv) Food poisoning; (v) Complicated urinary tract infections (UTI)	(i) Immunocompromised patients; (ii) Individuals hospitalized for a long time; (iii) Indwelling devices	[39]
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	(i) Skin infection; (ii) Respiratory infection (pneumonia); (iii) Urinary tract infections (UTI)	(i) Immunocompromised patients; (ii) Cystic fibrosis patients; (iii) Individuals hospitalized for a long time; (iv) Indwelling devices	[42]
Klebsiella pneumoniae	(i) Pneumonia; (ii) Liver abscess; (iii) Meningitis; (iv) Bloodstream infections (sepsis)	(i) Immunocompromised patients; (ii) Individuals hospitalized for a long time; (iii) Indwelling devices	[43]
Enterococcus faecium	(i) Endocarditis; (ii) Bloodstream infections (sepsis); (iii) Urinary tract infections (UTI)	(i) Use of broad-spectrum antibiotics; (ii) Abdominal surgery	[46]
Acinetobacter baumannii	(i) Bloodstream infections (sepsis); (ii) Urinary tract infections (UTI); (iii) Skin and soft tissue infection (meningitis)	(i) Individuals hospitalized for a long time in intensive care units (ICUs); (ii) Immunocompromised patients; (iii) Indwelling devices	[50]
Mycobacterium tuberculosis	(i) Pulmonary TB; (ii) Extrapulmonary TB	(i) Areas of the world with high rates of TB; (ii) Infants and children under 5 years of age; (iii) Immunocompromised patients	[52]
Parasitic agents
Plasmodium falciparum	(i) Malaria (chills and fever, anemia, splenomegaly, acute kidney injury)	(i) Areas of the world with high rates of vector; (ii) Immunocompromised patients	[56]
Leishmania major	(i) Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL); (ii) Mucosal leishmaniasis (ML); (iii) Disseminated or diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL); (iv) Kala-azar or visceral leishmaniasis (VL)	(i) Areas of the world with high rates of vector	[57]
Schistosoma haematobium	(i) Intestinal schistosomiasis; (ii) Hepatosplenic schistosomiasis; (iii) Urogenital schistosomiasis	(i) Poor communities	[59]
Trichomonas vaginalis	Sexually transmitted infection	(i) Women aged 51-60 years	[60]
Trypanosoma bruci	(i) Bloodstream infection; (ii) Liver infection; (iii) Spleen infection	(i) Rice culture; (ii) Attendance at pirogue jettie	[72]
Fungal agents
Candida albicans	(i) Candidiasis involves; (ii) Skin and nail infection; (iii) Mucous membrane infection; (iv) Gastrointestinal tract infection; (v) Candiduria	(i) Female sex; (ii) Urological and nonurological surgery; (iii) Patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit; (iv) Indwelling devices; (v) Immunocompromised patients; (vi) Obesity	[73]
Aspergillus fumigatus	(i) Allergic; (ii) Chronic and acute invasive aspergillosis	(i) Immunocompromised patients	[67]
Cryptococcus neoformans	(i) Respiratory infection (pneumonia); (ii) Meningoencephalitis	(i) Immunocompromised patients	[69]
Dermatophytes	(i) Dermatophytosis (skin and nail infection)	(i) Sharing of fomites; (ii) Uncontrolled access to infected animals; (iii) Immunocompromised patients; (iv) Socioeconomic factors	[70]