Psychophysiological Adaptations to Exercise Training in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review
Table 2
Summary of finding using GRADE quality assessment.
Outcome
Certainty assessment
No. of patients
Certainty
No. of studies
Study design
Risk of bias
Inconsistency
Indirectness
Imprecision
Other considerations
Intervention group
Control group
Physical function
20
3 APS 5 RCT 2 PCS 3 RS 5 OS 2
Seriousc
Very seriousb
Not serious
Seriousa
None
945
228
⨁◯◯◯ Very low
Dyspnoea
1
Seriousc
Very seriousb
Not serious
Seriousa
None
320
93
⨁◯◯◯ Very low
Pulmonary function
2
Seriousc
Very seriousb
Not serious
Seriousa
None
551
178
⨁◯◯◯ Very low
Quality of life
1
Seriousc
Very seriousb
Not serious
Seriousa
None
501
258
⨁◯◯◯ Very low
Peripheral muscle performance of lower limp
1
Seriousc
Very seriousb
Not serious
Seriousa
None
247
98
⨁◯◯◯ Very low
Anxiety
5
1
Seriousc
Very seriousb
Not serious
Seriousa
None
200
159
⨁◯◯◯ Very low
Depression
4
Seriousc
Very seriousb
Not serious
Seriousa
None
130
89
⨁◯◯◯ Very low
Physical activity intensity level
2
Not serious
Not serious
Not serious
Seriousa
None
37
37
⨁⨁⨁◯ Moderate
Muscle strength
3
Seriousd
Very seriousb
Not serious
Seriousa
None
145
17
⨁◯◯◯ Very low
Oxygen saturation
4
2
Seriousc
Very seriousb
Not serious
Seriousa
None
139
—
⨁◯◯◯ Very low
Fatigue
2
1
Not serious
Very seriousb
Not serious
Seriousa
None
136
—
⨁◯◯◯ Very low
CRP
6
Seriousc
Very seriousb
Not serious
Seriousa
None
216
17
⨁◯◯◯ Very low
Interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha
1
Not serious
Not serious
Not serious
Seriousa
None
15
15
⨁⨁⨁◯ Moderate
Lymphocyte
5
Seriousc
Very seriousb
Not serious
Seriousa
None
175
92
⨁◯◯◯ Very low
Leukocytes
2
Seriousc
Very seriousb
Not serious
Seriousa
None
65
15
⨁◯◯◯ Very low
D-dimer
4
Seriousc
Very seriousb
Not serious
Seriousa
None
179
77
⨁◯◯◯ Very low
aThe included studies recorded a small sample size for both the control and intervention groups. bThere is considerable heterogeneity in the studies. cParticipants and assessors were not blinded. dThe assessors were not blinded. Not stated. APS = a prospective interventional study; RCT = randomized control trial; PCS = pilot control clinical study; RS = retrospective study; OS = observational study; QM = a quasiexperimental repeated measure.