Prospective Memory Impairment and Executive Dysfunction in Prefrontal Lobe Damaged Patients: Is There a Causal Relationship?

Table 2

Performance scores of G.P. and V.B. on the tests of executive battery. 𝑡-tests for significant differences of individual scores from average scores of groups of normal controls are also reported.

	G.P.	Healthy controls; (𝑁=8); M (SD)	𝑡	𝑃	V.B.	Healthy controls; (𝑁=8); M (SD)	𝑡	𝑃
Modified card sorting test (Nocentini et al., 2002, [35])
Criteria achieved	6	5.9 (0.4)	0.24	.41	6	5.9 (0.4)	0.24	.41
Perseverative Errors	0	1.0 (2.4)	0.39	.35	0	0.9 (1.6)	0.53	.30
Nonperseverative errors	6	3.3 (2.3)	1.10	.15	0	1.5 (1.4)	1.01	.17
Trail making test (Giovagnoli et al., 1996, [36])
A (sec.)	53	26.2 (12.4)	2.03	.04*	40	29.0 (12.2)	0.85	.21
B (sec.)	110	72.5 (17.9)	1.97	.04*	60	73.3 (19.6)	0.64	.27
B − A (sec.)	57	46.3 (16.5)	0.62	.28	20	44.3 (15.9)	1.44	.10
Stroop test (Stroop, 1935, [38])
Word reading
Accuracy	50	73.5 (14.4)	1.54	.08	77	72.6 (15.9)	0.26	.40
Time (sec.)	65	44.1 (8.9)	2.22	.03*	39	42.4 (10.7)	0.30	.39
Colour naming:
Accuracy	50	52.9 (5.0)	0.55	.30	71	54.3 (8.6)	1.83	.06
Time (sec.)	74	61.1 (5.0)	2.43	.02*	55	63.0 (20.0)	0.38	.36
Colour naming with interference
Accuracy	23	30.0 (6.5)	1.01	.17	45	33.0 (9.1)	1.24	.13
Time (sec.)	110	95.0 (6.6)	2.14	.03*	96	105.8 (41.5)	0.22	.41
Zoo Map test (Wilson et al., 1998, [39])
Version 1
Planning time (sec.)	260	126.3 (53.1)	2.37	.02*	228	136.1 (102.9)	0.84	.21
Execution accuracy	8	5.4 (3.5)	0.70	.25	3	6.5 (2.4)	1.37	.11
Execution time (sec.)	72	49.6 (19.0)	1.51	.09	21	41.3 (26.9)	0.71	.25
Version 2
Planning time (sec.)	37	20.6 (14.1)	1.10	.15	45	29.0 (14.7)	1.03	.17
Execution accuracy	8	8.0 (0.0)	0.0	.50	7	7.1 (2.1)	0.04	.48
Execution time (sec.)	52	21.9 (4.6)	6.12	.001*	30	27.4 (18.1)	0.14	.45
Phonological verbal fluency (Carlesimo et al., 1996, [31])	15	36.0 (9.0)	2.22	.03*	49	41.4 (9.6)	0.74	.24
Semantic verbal fluency (Spinnler and Tognoni, 1987, [34])	43	62.4 (10.6)	1.73	.06	67	63.1 (9.4)	0.39	.35
Alternate verbal fluency (Henry and Crawford, 2004, [37])	6	21.5 (4.9)	2.98	.01*	24	20.3 (3.9)	0.89	.20
Digit span backwards (Monaco et al., 2013, [40])	6	5.8 (0.7)	0.34	.37	4	5.9 (1.0)	1.80	.06
Corsi span backwards (Monaco et al., 2013, [40])	6	5.8 (0.9)	0.27	.40	6	6.3 (1.3)	.18	.43

∗Significant difference.