Behavioural Neurology

Review Article

Utilization Behavior: What Is Known and What Has to Be Known?

Table 1

Summarizing data for lesion sites shown in literature to be concomitant with utilization behavior (UB) or Environmental Dependency Syndrome (EDS).
 Orbitofrontal regionCaudate nucleusMesial frontal lesionsThalamusFrontal white matterFrontal and prefrontal cortexInferior frontal lobeSuperior frontal regionsCingulate cortex (gyrus)Temporo-polar lesionTemporo-mesial lesionFronto-striatal projectionsSupplementary motor areaFronto-temporal lesionsParaventricular and subventricular regionsRolandic regionOlfactory cortex
Lhermitte, 1983 [1]XX               
Assal, 1985 [2]  XB   XR          
Lhermitte et al., 1986a [11] XBXXL             
Lhermitte et al., 1986b (EDS) [11]    X X          
Shallice et al., 1989 [9]  XB   XB          
Eslinger et al., 1991 [13]   XB             
Hoffmann and Bill, 1992 [31]     XB           
Degos et al., 1993 [29] XR      XL        
Fukui et al., 1993 [32]        XB        
Brazzelli et al., 1994/1998 [33, 34]XB XB  XB  XXX X    
Ghika et al., 1995 (EDS) [35]           X     
Hashimoto et al., 1995 [15]   XR             
Tanaka et al., 2000 (EDS) [36]       XL     XL   
Boccardi et al., 2002 [37]            XB    
Ishihara et al., 2002 [14]    XL  XL         
Conchiglia et al., 2007 (EDS) [38]             XL   
Ghosh and Dutt, 2010, 2012 [3, 4]             XB   
Besnard et al., 2010 [7]X    X      X XX 
Spiegel and Lamm, 2011 (EDS) [30] XLX              
Besnard et al., 2011 [8]X X  XXX     X  X
Balani et al., 2012 [39]  XB     X XB  XB   
X: involvement without specified laterality; XB: bilateral involvement; XL: left hemisphere involvement; XR: right hemisphere involvement.