Sex Differences in Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Alzheimer’s Disease: The Modifying Effect of Apolipoprotein E ε4 Status
Table 2
The gender comparisons of the frequencies and scores of neuropsychiatric symptoms.
NPI items
Mild AD
Moderate to severe AD
All
ε4 negative
ε4 positive
All
ε4 negative
ε4 positive
M
F
M
F
M
F
M
F
M
F
M
F
Delusions
16.2
26.2
12.5
21.7
27.8
31.6
33.8
39.1
37.5
41.8
28.0
35.1
0.7 ± 2.3
1.3 ± 4.1
0.5 ± 1.9
0.8 ± 1.9
1.3 ± 3.2
1.9 ± 5.8
2.1 ± 3.9
2.0 ± 3.7
2.3 ± 4.0
1.9 ± 3.4
1.8 ± 3.9
2.3 ± 4.3
Hallucinations
10.8
15.5
8.9
8.7
16.7
23.7
24.6
26.1
25.0
21.8
24.0
32.4
0.3 ± 1.3
0.8 ± 2.6
0.2 ± 1.1
0.4 ± 1.5
0.6 ± 1.9
1.3 ± 3.4
1.3 ± 3.3
1.5 ± 3.3
1.4 ± 3.2
1.2 ± 3.0
1.2 ± 3.3
2.0 ± 3.9
Agitation/ aggression
20.3
20.2
17.8
17.4
27.8
23.7
32.3
35.9
37.5
30.9
24.0
43.2
0.7 ± 2.0
1.1 ± 2.8
0.7 ± 2.1
0.9 ± 2.5
0.8 ± 1.6
1.2 ± 3.2
1.5 ± 3.2
1.8 ± 3.4
1.5 ± 3.1
1.3 ± 3.1
1.4 ± 3.5
2.5 ± 3.9
Depression
28.4
32.1
26.8
34.8
33.3
28.9
40.0
46.7
42.5
45.4
36.0
48.6
1.1 ± 2.4
1.7 ± 3.7
1.1 ± 2.6
1.5 ± 2.8
1.0 ± 1.7
1.9 ± 4.6
1.3 ± 2.6
1.9 ± 3.0
1.4 ± 2.9
1.9 ± 2.8
1.3 ± 3.0
2.0 ± 3.2
Anxiety
18.9
19.0
19.6
19.6
16.7
18.4
35.4
45.7
32.5
43.6
40.0
48.6
0.7 ± 2.1
0.9 ± 2.6
0.8 ± 2.4
1.1 ± 2.8
0.4 ± 1.0
0.8 ± 2.4
1.8 ± 3.6
2.5 ± 3.7
0.7 ± 2.2
1.8 ± 3.0
2.4 ± 4.4
3.5 ± 4.7
Euphoria
6.7
3.6
7.1
4.3
5.6
2.6
10.7
5.4
17.5
7.3
0
2.7
0.3 ± 1.2
0.1 ± 0.7
0.3 ± 1.3
0.2 ± 0.8
0.2 ± 0.9
0.1 ± 0.6
0.4 ± 1.7
0.3 ± 1.5
2.8 ± 4.0
0.4 ± 1.5
—
0.2 ± 1.3
Apathy
36.5
27.4
35.7
32.6
38.9
21.1
52.3
52.2
50.0
52.7
56.0
51.4
1.7 ± 3.1
1.3 ± 2.9
1.7 ± 3.1
1.8 ± 3.5
1.8 ± 3.3
0.7 ± 1.5
3.3 ± 4.4
3.0 ± 4.2
1.0 ± 2.7
2.8 ± 4.1
4.0 ± 5.0
3.3 ± 4.3
Disinhibition
5.4
10.7
5.3
13.0
5.6
7.9
12.3
27.2
15.0
16.4
8.0
43.2
0.1 ± 0.5
0.5 ± 2.0
0.1 ± 0.6
0.7 ± 2.6
0.1 ± 0.2
0.2 ± 0.9
0.7 ± 2.2
1.2 ± 2.6
1.0 ± 2.7
0.6 ± 1.9
0.3 ± 1.2
2.1 ± 3.3
Irritability
14.7
16.7
16.1
8.7
11.1
26.3
20.0
30.4
22.5
16.4
16.0
51.4
0.9 ± 2.6
0.6 ± 1.8
0.9 ± 2.7
0.2 ± 1.0
0.9 ± 2.6
0.9 ± 2.4
1.3 ± 3.3
1.7 ± 3.4
1.6 ± 3.7
0.9 ± 2.8
0.8 ± 2.5
3.0 ± 3.9
Aberrant motor behavior
13.5
16.7
12.5
21.7
16.7
10.5
24.6
38.0
35.0
34.5
28.0
43.2
0.6 ± 2.0
1.0 ± 2.8
0.6 ± 2.1
1.4 ± 3.2
0.6 ± 1.6
0.4 ± 2.0
1.7 ± 3.7
2.3 ± 4.0
1.6 ± 3.7
2.0 ± 4.1
2.0 ± 3.8
2.7 ± 4.3
Sleep behavior disturbances
16.2
13.1
14.3
10.9
22.2
15.8
30.8
28.3
35.0
23.6
24.0
35.1
0.7 ± 1.9
0.9 ± 2.7
0.6 ± 1.7
0.7 ± 2.6
1.1 ± 2.6
1.1 ± 2.9
2.1 ± 4.0
1.6 ± 3.5
2.8 ± 4.8
1.2 ± 3.0
0.9 ± 2.1
2.3 ± 4.2
Appetite abnormalities
8.1
11.9
8.9
13.0
5.6
10.5
16.9
15.2
17.5
12.7
16.0
18.9
0.3 ± 1.3
0.5 ± 1.8
0.3 ± 1.3
0.6 ± 2.0
0.3 ± 1.4
0.4 ± 1.5
1.3 ± 3.4
0.8 ± 2.4
1.4 ± 3.5
0.5 ± 2.0
1.2 ± 3.4
1.2 ± 2.9
Total
74.3
70.2
69.6
71.7
88.9
68.4
81.5
90.2
82.5
90.9
80.0
89.2
8.1 ± 10.3
10.6 ± 16.7
7.8 ± 9.7
10.3 ± 13.0
9.1 ± 12.4
11.0 ± 20.3
18.6 ± 24.6
20.7 ± 21.4
19.7 ± 27.0
17.2 ± 18.9
16.8 ± 20.5
25.9 ± 24.0
Data are expressed as percentages of patients with individual symptoms and means of scores ± SDs. Please note that the means with standard deviations of scores are represented the same as previous literatures, though the data are not normally distributed. Gender differences in the prevalence of NPI symptoms, tests, , and . Gender differences in NPI scores, Mann-Whitney test, , and .
