Life after Adolescent and Adult Moderate and Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Self-Reported Executive, Emotional, and Behavioural Function 2–5 Years after Injury
Table 3
Self-reported executive function on BRIEF-A at 2–5 years after moderate and severe Traumatic Brain Injury compared to healthy controls.
BRIEF-A (-scores)
Persons with TBI
Controls
Mann-Whitney test
Effect size
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
value
Global scales
Global Executive Composite (GEC)
51.40
(11.94)
46.19
(7.28)
0.003
0.53
Behaviour regulation Index (BRI)
50.69
(11.13)
44.51
(7.28)
<0.001
0.66
Metacognitive Index (MI)
51.81
(11.90)
48.02
(7.57)
0.029
0.38
Behavioural and emotional regulation scales
Inhibit
51.84
(10.57)
47.72
(8.87)
0.014
0.42
Shift
49.52
(11.04)
44.64
(7.01)
0.003
0.53
Emotional regulation
51.61
(11.45)
44.88
(7.81)
<0.001
0.69
Self-Monitor
47.87
(10.70)
44.54
(7.74)
0.039
0.36
Metacognitive Index Scales
Initiate
51.87
(11.68)
48.61
(9.86)
0.079
0.30
Working Memory
57.48
(13.01)
47.89
(7.91)
<0.001
0.89
Plan/Organize
50.54
(11.00)
47.61
(7.45)
0.071
0.31
Task Monitoring
50.97
(11.90)
48.88
(7.27)
0.217
0.21
Organization of Materials
46.60
(11.54)
48.49
(8.35)
0.268
−0.19
Higher -scores indicate more problems. Central tendency and variance given as mean and SD. †Cohen’s . SD: standard deviation.
