Life after Adolescent and Adult Moderate and Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Self-Reported Executive, Emotional, and Behavioural Function 2–5 Years after Injury
Table 4
Self-reported adaptive function, personal strengths, and psychological problems on ASR at 2–5 years after moderate and severe Traumatic Brain Injury compared to healthy controls.
Adult Self-Report
Persons with TBI
Controls
Mean difference
-test
Effect size
(95 % CI)†
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Lower
Upper
Adaptive scores
Personal strengths
16.18
(3.18)
17.39
(3.09)
−2.26
−0.15
0.025
0.39
Mean adaptive
49.61
(5.44)
50.15
(4.32)
−2.21
1.13
0.523
0.11
Relation to friends
9.82
(2.00)
10.00
(1.82)
−0.82
0.46
0.580
0.09
Relation to family
1.57
(0.44)
1.49
(0.37)
−0.06
0.22
0.246
−0.20
Composite scales
Total problems
39.17
(26.08)
26.13
(16.67)
5.57
20.51
0.001
0.60
Internalizing problems
12.44
(9.81)
7.08
(5.42)
2.64
8.07
<0.001
0.68
Externalizing problems
9.05
(8.59)
6.24
(5.05)
0.40
5.22
0.023
0.40
Critical items
4.95
(3.64)
2.46
(2.22)
1.46
3.52
<0.001
0.83
Syndrome scales
Anxious/depressed
6.48
(6.29)
3.34
(3.26)
1.43
4.87
<0.001
0.63
Withdrawn
2.27
(2.22)
1.75
(1.93)
−0.17
1.27
0.139
.25
Somatic complaints
3.68
(2.81)
2.00
(2.08)
0.84
2.52
<0.001
0.68
Thought problems
2.09
(2.26)
1.01
(2.25)
0.31
1.84
0.006
0.48
Attention problems
7.73
(5.37)
4.96
(3.72)
1.19
4.32
0.001
0.60
Aggressive behaviour
4.76
(4.55)
2.01
(2.46)
1.49
4.00
<0.001
0.75
Rule-breaking behaviour
2.70
(3.49)
2.21
(2.12)
−0.50
1.47
0.331
0.17
Intrusive behaviour
1.59
(1.96)
2.01
(1.89)
−1.07
0.23
0.200
−0.22
DSM-IV oriented scales
Depression
5.02
(4.52)
2.70
(2.47)
1.06
3.56
<0.001
0.64
Anxiety
3.12
(2.67)
2.00
(2.00)
0.32
1.92
0.007
0.47
Somatic
2.21
(2.17)
1.30
(1.57)
0.28
1.55
0.005
0.48
Avoidant personality problems
2.32
(2.02)
2.11
(1.88)
−0.45
0.86
0.538
0.11
ADHD problems
7.20
(4.86)
4.85
(3.69)
0.88
3.82
0.002
0.54
Inattention
3.88
(2.81)
2.37
(2.10)
0.67
2.36
0.001
0.61
Hyperactivity/impulsivity
3.32
(2.53)
2.48
(2.21)
0.04
1.64
0.040
0.35
Antisocial personality problems
3.50
(4.44)
2.66
(2.73)
−0.41
2.11
0.182
0.23
Central tendency and variance measured in mean and SD (raw scores). Higher scores indicate more problems. Higher scores indicate better function Results from -test based on 2000 bootstrap samples. Cohen’s . ADHD: attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder, CI: confidence interval, DSM-IV: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, and SD: standard deviation.
