Life after Adolescent and Adult Moderate and Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Self-Reported Executive, Emotional, and Behavioural Function 2–5 Years after Injury
Table 5
Demographic and clinical factors during 1st year after injury associated with self-reported executive function (BRIEF-A) 2–5 years after moderate and severe TBI.
Dependent variable
Regression coefficient for worse outcome, unadjusted
Regression coefficient for worse outcome, adjusted
Independent variables
Estimate
95% CI
value
Estimate
95% CI
value
Global Executive Composite
Age at injury
67
0.049
−0.405
−0.850 to 0.040
0.074
Years of education at injury
67
0.067
−3.076
−5.934 to −0.219
0.035
PTA duration (1 week)
66
0.000
−1.103
−11.832 to 14.038
0.856
0.114
−1.273
−14.425 to 11.880
0.847
GCS score
67
0.003
−0.421
−2.279 to 1.437
0.652
0.098
−0.011
−1.861 to 1.838
0.990
Presence of TAI
65
0.063
14.140
0.279 to 28.002
0.046
0.150
10.616
−3.164 to 24.396
0.129
Presence of TAI adjusted for BDI 3 months after injury
48
0.048
12.012
−2.957 to 26.980
0.113
BDI 3 months after injury
48
0.066
1.442
−0.192 to 3.075
0.082
0.117
1.579
−0.010 to 3.167
0.051
BDI 1 year after injury
45
0.277
2.224
1.105 to 3.343
<0.001
0.337
2.070
0.941 to 3.199
0.001
GOSE score 1 year after injury
67
0.087
−6.720
−12.161 to −1.279
0.016
0.231
−9.280
−14.945 to −3.615
0.002
Behaviour Regulation Index
Age at injury
67
0.040
−0.159
−0.352 to 0.033
0.103
Years of education
67
0.063
−1.277
−2.496 to −0.059
0.040
PTA duration (1 week)
66
0.003
−1.148
−6.691 to 4.396
0.680
0.109
−1.806
−7.351 to 3.738
0.517
GCS score
67
0.005
−0.229
−1.030 to 0.572
0.570
0.089
−0.069
−0.870 to 0.733
0.864
Presence of TAI
65
0.059
6.677
0.721 to 12.633
0.029
0.143
5.313
−0.648 to 11.275
0.080
Presence of TAI adjusted for BDI 3 months after injury
49
0.129
6.314
0.286 to 12.343
0.040
BDI 3 months after injury
49
0.043
0.478
−0.195 to 1.152
0.159
0.160
0.546
−0.108 to 1.200
0.099
BDI 1 year after injury
45
0.326
1.046
0.583 to 1.509
<0.001
0.381
0.979
0.513 to 1.443
<0.001
GOSE score 1 year after injury
67
0.087
−2.910
−5.241 to −0.578
0.015
0.216
−3.954
−6.417 to −1.490
0.002
Metacognitive Index
Age at injury
67
0.048
−0.247
−0.520 to 0.026
0.075
Years of education
67
0.053
−1.665
−3.410 to 0.080
0.061
PTA duration (1 week)
66
0.000
0.242
−7.670 to 8.1559
0.951
0.099
−0.796
−8.740 to 7.148
0.842
GCS score
67
0.002
−0.192
−1.335 to 0.950
0.737
0.086
0.063
−1.080 to 1.206
0.913
Presence of TAI
65
0.047
7.501
−1.036 to 16.038
0.084
0.130
5.475
−2.964 to 13.961
0.202
Presence of TAI adjusted for BDI 3 months after injury
49
0.107
5.825
−3.438 to 15.088
0.212
BDI 3 months after injury
49
0.055
0.968
−0.037 to 1.972
0.059
0.169
1.027
0.041 to 2.014
0.042
BDI 1 year after injury
45
0.200
1.136
0.437 to 1.834
0.002
0.248
1.029
0.318 to 1.741
0.006
GOSE score 1 year after injury
67
0.068
−3.653
−7.009 to −0.298
0.033
0.197
−5.244
−8.796 to −1.692
0.004
Adjusted for age at injury and years of education prior to the injury. BDI: Beck Depression Inventory; BRIEF-A: Behavioural Rating Inventory for Executive Function-Adult version; CI: confidence interval; GCS: Glasgow Coma Scale; GOSE: Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended; PTA: posttraumatic amnesia; TAI: traumatic axonal injury; TBI: Traumatic Brain Injury.
