Life after Adolescent and Adult Moderate and Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Self-Reported Executive, Emotional, and Behavioural Function 2–5 Years after Injury
Table 6
Demographic and clinical factors during 1st year after injury associated with self-reported emotional and behavioural problems (ASR) 2–5 years after moderate and severe Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI).
Dependent variable
Regression coefficient for worse outcome, unadjusted
Regression coefficient for worse outcome, adjusted
Independent variables
Estimate
95% CI
value
Estimate
95% CI
value
ASR Total problems
Age at injury
66
0.116
−0.640
−1.081 to −0.199
0.005
Years of education at injury
66
0.032
−2.157
−5.143 to 0.828
0.154
PTA duration (1 week)
64
0.000
−0.796
−14.013 to 12.420
0.905
0.155
4.782
−8.259 to 17.823
0.466
GCS score
66
0.000
0.085
−1.823 to 1.993
0.929
0.141
0.761
−1.090 to 2.613
0.414
Presence of TAI
64
0.076
16.085
1.822 to 30.347
0.028
0.185
12.728
−1.276 to 26.733
0.074
Presence of TAI adjusted for BDI 3 months after injury
46
0.315
15.524
1.772 to 29.277
0.028
BDI 3 months after injury
46
0.235
2.845
1.303 to 4.388
0.001
0.331
2.868
1.375 to 4.362
<0.001
BDI 1 year after injury
43
0.401
2.683
1.662 to 3.705
<0.001
0.440
2.518
1.481 to 3.554
<0.001
GOSE score 1 year after injury
66
0.020
−3.308
−9.087 to 2.471
0.257
0.210
−7.371
−13.303 to −1.440
0.016
ASR Internalizing problems
Age at injury
66
0.023
−0.106
−0.281 to 0.068
0.228
Years of education
66
0.006
−0.343
−1.481 to 0.795
0.550
PTA duration (1 week)
64
0.001
0.495
−4.416 to 5.405
0.841
0.041
1.380
−3.783 to 6.544
0.595
GCS score
66
0.000
0.006
−0.712 to 0.724
0.986
0.027
0.118
−0.623 to 0.859
0.752
Presence of TAI
64
0.075
5.986
0.668 to 11.303
0.028
0.097
5.548
0.055 to 11.041
0.048
Presence of TAI adjusted for BDI 3 months after injury
46
0.200
6.714
0.641 to 12.787
0.031
BDI 3 months after injury
46
0.110
0.794
0.114 to 1.474
0.023
0.137
0.803
0.110 to 1.496
0.024
BDI 1 year after injury
43
0.306
0.922
0.490 to 1.354
<0.001
0.316
0.886
0.436 to 1.337
<0.001
GOSE score 1 year after injury
66
0.040
−1.764
−3.916 to 0.387
0.106
0.104
−2.768
−5.145 to −0.392
0.023
ASR Externalizing problems
Age at injury
66
0.128
−0.221
−0.365 to −0.077
0.003
Years of education
66
0.042
−0.819
−1.797 to 0.159
0.099
PTA duration (1 week)
64
0.000
0.001
−4.373 to 4.375
1.000
0.174
2.029
−2.239 to 6.297
0.345
GCS score
66
0.001
−0.058
−0.686 to 0.570
0.853
0.157
0.171
−0.434 to 0.776
0.574
Presence of TAI
64
0.023
2.915
−1.859 to 7.689
0.227
0.146
1.630
−3.037 to 6.297
0.488
Presence of TAI adjusted for BDI 3 months after injury
46
0.298
3.525
0.485 to 1.414
0.106
BDI 3 months after injury
46
0.255
0.917
0.446 to 1.388
<0.001
0.369
0.934
0.485 to 1.383
<0.001
BDI 1 year after injury
43
0.403
0.761
0.472 to 1.049
<0.001
0.446
0.718
0.426 to 1.010
<0.001
GOSE score 1 year after injury
66
0.002
−0.307
−2.228 to 1.613
0.750
0.178
−1.450
−3.442 to 0.542
0.151
Adjusted for age at injury and years of education prior to the injury. ASR: Adult Self-Report (ASEBA); BDI: Beck Depression Inventory; CI: confidence interval; GCS: Glasgow Coma Scale; GOSE: Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended; PTA: posttraumatic amnesia; TAI: traumatic axonal injury; TBI: Traumatic Brain Injury.
