Life after Adolescent and Adult Moderate and Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Self-Reported Executive, Emotional, and Behavioural Function 2–5 Years after Injury

Table 7

Description of participants in the subgroup analysis: demographics, injury severity characteristics, and clinical observations at 3 months, 1 year, and 2–5 years after moderate and severe TBI: cognitive function, emotional function, global outcome, and employment.

Variable		Persons with TBI		Controls	value
Demographics
Male sex (, %)	49	35 (71)	28	24 (86)	0.593
Age at injury (mean, range)	49	30 (14–63)
Injury-related variables
GCS score (median, IQR)	49	9 (6)
HISS grade; moderate TBI (, %)	49	28 (57)
PTA <1 week (, %)	48	23 (47)
Early MRI findings	48
EDH only (, %)		1 (2)
Pure TAI (, %)		10 (20)
Cortical contusions (, %)		14 (29)
Cortical contusions/TAI (, %)		23 (48)
Neuropsychological assessment (3 months after injury)
Days after injury (mean, SD)	49	99 (10)
Estimated IQ (mean, SD)	47	106 (16)	26	119 (12)	0.001^†
Processing speed (mean, SD)	46	44.5 (10.2)	26	53.0 (4.8)	<0.001^†
Attention (mean, SD)	46	49.9 (4.9)	26	51.6 (4.3)	0.124^†
Memory (mean, SD)	46	42.6 (10.0)	26	48.2 (8.3)	0.016^†
Executive function (mean, SD)	47	47.3 (7.6)	26	53.1 (4.8)	0.001^†
Depressive symptoms and global outcome 1st year after injury
BDI 3 months after injury (mean, SD)	47	5.5 (4.4)
BDI 12 months after injury (mean, SD)	44	6.7 (6.4)
GOSE score 12 months after injury (median, IQR)	49	7.0 (2)
Demographics at follow-up
Years after injury (mean, SD)	49	3.2 1.0
Age (mean, range)	49	34 (17–65)	28	34 (19–64)	0.895^†
Years education (mean, range)	49	12 (9–18)	28	12 (9–18)	0.630^†
Occupation	49		27
Unemployed/no school (, %)		10 (20)		1 (4)
Employed or at school (, %)		55 (82)		26 (96)

GCS: Glasgow Coma Scale; GOSE: Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended; IQ: Intelligence Quotient; IQR: interquartile range; PTA: posttraumatic amnesia; SD: standard deviation; TAI: traumatic axonal injury; TBI: Traumatic Brain Injury.
Pearson’s Chi-squared test.
^†Independent samples -test.