The Relationship between Gentle Tactile Stimulation on the Fetus and Its Temperament 3 Months after Birth
Table 1
The comparison of demographic characteristics among the three groups.
Variables
Options
No practice group (%)
Irregular practice group (%)
Regular practice group (%)
Maternal temperament tendency
Typical extrovert
68 (41.5)
28 (45.2)
16 (21.1)
0.002a
Ambivert
86 (52.4)
34 (54.8)
58 (76.3)
Typical introvert
10 (6.1)
0
2 (2.6)
Total
164 (100)
62 (100)
76 (100)
Maternal temperament stability
Typically stable
83 (50.6)
26 (41.9)
28 (36.8)
0.172a
Ambivert
77 (47.0)
34 (54.8)
48 (63.2)
Typically unstable
4 (2.4)
2 (3.2)
0
Total
164 (100)
62 (100)
76 (100)
Education
High school or below
12 (7.3)
2 (3.2)
0
0.529a
College
106 (64.6)
48 (77.4)
64 (84.2)
Master
44 (26.8)
12 (19.4)
12 (15.8)
Doctor
2 (1.2)
0
0
Total
164 (100)
62 (100)
76 (100)
Pregnant women as only child
No
50 (30.5)
9 (14.5%)
24 (31.6)
0.037b
Yes
114 (69.5)
53 (85.5%)
52 (68.4)
Total
164 (100)
62 (100)
76 (100)
Family annual income
≤5 000$
14 (8.6)
0
2 (2.6)
0.003a
5 000–8 000$
18 (11.1)
6 (9.7)
8 (10.5)
8 000–16 000$
58 (35.8)
16 (25.8)
18 (23.7)
16 000–32 000$
40 (24.7)
20 (32.3)
26 (34.2)
≥32 000$
32 (19.8)
20 (32.3)
22 (28.9)
Total
162 (100)
62 (100)
76 (100)
Rank chi-square, bPearson chi-square. The criteria of EPQA: ambivert, score in E or N subscale is between 38.5 and 61.5; typical introvert: score in E subscale <38.5; typical extrovert: score in E subscale >61.5; typically nerve stable: score in N subscale <38.5; typically nerve unstable: score in N subscale >61.5.
