Confrontation Naming and Reading Abilities at Primary School: A Longitudinal Study
Table 7
Variables associated with reading abilities improvement from grade II to grade V, in four multivariate general linear models with repeated measures (longitudinal analysis).
ā
Type III sum of squares
Mean square
Dependent variable: short story fluency and accuracy from grade II to grade V
Nonverbal IQ
0.002
0.002
0.003
0.956
Low socioeconomic status
5.339
5.339
9.577
0.002
Male gender
0.002
0.002
0.004
0.947
BNT score at the end of grade I
0.667
0.667
1.196
0.276
Reading abilities at grade I
33.492
33.492
60.082
<0.001
Dependent variable: short story fluency, accuracy, and comprehension from grade II to grade V
Nonverbal IQ
4.847
4.847
3.423
0.067
Low socioeconomic status
5.102
5.102
3.602
0.060
Male gender
1.552
1.552
1.096
0.297
BNT score at the end at Grade I
12.669
12.669
8.946
0.003
Reading abilities at Grade I
89.601
89.601
63.267
<0.001
Dependent variable: word list fluency and accuracy from grade II to grade V
Nonverbal IQ
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.975
Low socioeconomic status
0.086
0.086
0.523
0.471
Male gender
0.020
0.020
0.121
0.728
BNT score at the end of grade I
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.961
Reading abilities at grade I
0.471
0.471
2.878
0.093
Dependent variable: pseudoword list fluency and accuracy from grade II to grade V