Orofacial Pain during Mastication in People with Dementia: Reliability Testing of the Orofacial Pain Scale for Non-Verbal Individuals

Table 2

Proportion of positive observations of the OPS-NVI items by observer and assessment ( video clips).

	Observer 1		Observer 1		Observer 2		Observer 2
	Assessment 1		Assessment 2		Assessment 1		Assessment 2
	Count	Percentage	Count	Percentage	Count	Percentage	Count	Percentage
	Yes	%	Yes	%	Yes	%	Yes	%
(1) Facial activities
(Q1) Frowning	135	57.0	137	57.8	143	60.3	135	57.0
(Q2) Narrowing or closing eyes	118	49.8	108	45.6	153	64.6	167	70.5
(Q3) Raising upper lip	65	27.4	54	22.8	124	52.3	117	49.4
(Q4) Opened mouth	237	100.0	237	100.0	237	100.0	237	100.0
(Q5) Tightened lips	143	60.3	138	58.2	175	73.8	189	79.8
(2) Body movements
(Q6) Resisting care	1	0.4	1	0.4	1	0.4	0	0.0
(Q7) Guarding	0	0.0	0	0.0	3	1.3	2	0.8
(Q8) Rubbing	0	0.0	0	0.0	6	2.5	6	2.5
(Q9) Restlessness	7	2.9	6	2.5	12	5.1	4	1.6
(3) Vocalizations
(Q10) Using offensive words	0	0.0	0	0.0	1	0.4	1	0.4
(Q11) Using pain-related words	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	1	0.4
(Q12) Screaming/shouting	2	0.8	3	1.3	2	0.8	2	0.8
(Q13) Groaning	2	0.8	2	0.8	2	0.8	5	2.1
(4) Specific behavior
(Q14) Restricting jaw movement	36	15.2	41	17.3	29	12.2	34	14.3
(Q15) Refusing prosthetics	0	0.0	0	0.0	1	0.4	0	0.0
(Q16) Drooling	1	0.4	1	0.4	0	0.0	0	0.0

Excluded from further data analysis.