Are “Theory of Mind” Skills in People with Epilepsy Related to How Stigmatised They Feel? An Exploratory Study

Table 3

Association between demographic/clinical factors and Theory of Mind test performance.


Factors	Theory of Mind test
	Reading mind in the eyes test			Faux pas test
	Mean (SD)	Unadjusted B (95% CI)	Adjusted B (95% CI)	Mean (SD)	Unadjusted B (95% CI)	Adjusted B (95% CI)

Age (years)	—	−0.005 (−0.017, 0.006)	—	—	−0.008 (−0.022, 0.006)	—

Sex (n/%)
Male	6.90 (1.79)	1.00 Reference		9.83 (3.76)	1.00 Reference
Female	6.93 (1.64)	0.033 (−0.344, 0.412)	—	10.42 (3.51)	0.437 (−0.050, 0.926)	—

Highest educational attainment (n/%)
Basic school certificate or lower	6.58 (1.76)	1.00 Reference		9.91 (3.60)	1.00 Reference
Advanced school certificate or equivalent	7.04 (1.72)	0.145 (−0.222, 0.513)	—	10.03 (3.62)	−0.182 (−0.657, 0.293)	—
University degree, diploma, or higher	7.05 (1.59)	0.271 (−0.024, 0.567)	—	10.59 (3.52)	0.438 (0.053, 0.824)	0.096 (−0.299, 0.492)

Employment (n/%)
Employed (full/part-time)/student	7.06 (1.60)	1.00 Reference		10.63 (3.48)	1.00 Reference
Homemaker/others	6.63 (1.77)	−0.363 (−0.751, 0.024)	—	10.03 (3.76)	−0.233 (−0.723, 0.257)	—
Unemployed	6.80 (1.78)	−0.159 (−0.539, 0.221)	—	9.59 (3.55)	−0.661 (−1.135, −0.186)	−0.529 (−1.006, −0.051)

Epilepsy onset
≤12 years	6.69 (1.89)	1.00 Reference		5.27 (2.20)	1.00 Reference
>12 years	7.00 (1.60)	0.316 (−0.059, 0.691)	—	5.55 (2.20)	0.278 (−0.174, 0.731)	—

Duration of epilepsy	—	−0.011 (−0.021, −0.001)	−0.015 (−0.025, −0.004)	—	−0.003 (−0.017, 0.010)	—

Marital status
Single	6.85 (1.72)	1.00 Reference		10.31 (3.55)	1.00 Reference
Married	6.99 (1.61)	0.110 (−0.183, 0.405)	—	10.20 (3.63)	−0.094 (−0.485, 0.295)	—
Divorced	7.06 (1.75)	0.147 (−0.383, 0.678)	—	10.71 (3.40)	0.172 (−0.515, 0.861)	—

Antiepileptic medication (n/%)
Monotherapy or none	7.04 (1.66)	1.00 Reference		10.38 (3.55)	1.00 Reference
Polytherapy	6.82 (1.69)	−0.225 (−0.519, 0.068)	—	10.22 (3.59)	−0.092 (−0.478, 0.293)	—

Seizures (any type) prior 12 months (n/%)
No	7.02 (1.76)	1.00 Reference		5.82 (2.04)	1.00 Reference
Yes	6.89 (1.64)	−0.134 (−0.464, 0.195)	—	5.34 (2.25)	−0.477 (−0.880, −0.074)	−0.304 (−0.708, 0.099)

Experience convulsive seizures? (n/%)
Yes	6.94 (1.68)	1.00 Reference		10.30 (3.52)	1.00 Reference
No	6.89 (1.66)	−0.044 (−0.379, 0.290)	—	10.31 (3.71)	−0.102 (−0.554, 0.349)	—

Reported cause of epilepsy
Unknown	6.98 (1.66)	1.00 Reference		10.41 (3.47)	1.00 Reference
Acquired brain injury	7.01 (1.57)	0.095 (−0.291, 0.482)	—	10.03 (4.12)	−0.176 (−0.771, 0.418)	—
Others	6.69 (1.79)	−0.296 (−0.692, 0.100)	—	10.13 (3.43)	−0.298 (−0.773, 0.176)	—

Impact of epilepsy	—	0.001 (−0.020, 0.024)	—	—	0.008 (−0.020, 0.038)	—

Spot the word test (corrects)	—	0.076 (0.048, 0.104)	0.081 (0.053, 0.109)	—	0.086 (0.051, 0.122)	0.081 (0.044, 0.118)

Model summary			= 19.29, ,			= 8.98, ,

Behavioural Neurology

Are “Theory of Mind” Skills in People with Epilepsy Related to How Stigmatised They Feel? An Exploratory Study

Table 3