Degraded Impairment of Emotion Recognition in Parkinson’s Disease Extends from Negative to Positive Emotions

Table 1

Impaired recognition of facial emotion expressions in PD patients.

Author (year)	Patient sample size	Cognitive performance	Mean severity of PD		Impaired emotions
			H&Y	UPDRS-III
Assogna et al. (2010) [30]	70	MMSE: 27.9		20.1	Disgust
Baggio et al. (2012) [8]	39	MMSE: 28.7		16.5	Sadness, anger, disgust
Clark et al. (2008) [7]	20	DRS-2: 142.6; MMSE: 28.7	2-3 (range)		Anger, surprise
Dujardin et al. (2004) [25]	18	MMSE: >27		17.58	Sadness, surprise
Hipp et al. (2014) [28]	28	MMSE: 28.8; CDR: 0; FAB: 15.46		8.39	Sadness
Ibarretxe-Bilbao et al. (2009) [29]	24	MMSE: 29.8	1.73	14.67	Sadness, fear, anger, disgust, surprise
Kan et al. (2002) [26]	16	MMSE: 26.9	2-3 (range)		Fear, disgust
Lawrence et al. (2007) [22]	17	Nart-IQ: 117.5		22.7	Anger
Narme et al. (2011) [9]	10	MMSE: 28.5; DRS-2: 139.9; FAB: 15.4; BJLOT: 24.3; VOSP: 9.5	2.1		Anger, fear
Sprengelmeyer et al. (2003) [21]	16 (unmedicated)	IQ: 100	1.7	14.6	Fear, sadness, disgust, anger
	20 (medicated)	IQ: 103.2	2.6	30
Suzuki et al. (2006) [27]	14	MMSE: 28.6	1.6		Disgust
Present study	29 PD	MMSE: 27.6	2.8	26.8	See results
	14 LMDPD	MMSE: 28.1	2.3	24.0
	15 HMD PD	MMSE: 27.2	3.4	48.7

H&Y: Hoehn and Yahr’s stage (range from I to V) [19]; UPDRS-III: motor section of the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale [20]; LMD: PD patients with low motor dysfunction; HMD: PD patients with high motor dysfunction; MMSE: Mini Mental State Examination [44]; DRS-2: dementia rating scale-2 (/144) [45]; CDR: clinical dementia rating scale [46]; FAB: frontal assessment battery (/18) [47]; BJLOT: Benton’s judgment of line orientation test (/30) [48]; VOSP: visual object and space perception battery [49]; Nart-IQ: IQ estimated using national adult reading test-revised version [50].