|
| Domain and tests | Description of test |
|
| Theory of mind | |
| False belief tasks | Participants have to understand that protagonists in the test hold false beliefs about the reality of a scenario. |
| Reading the Mind in the Eyes—revised [109] | Assesses the ability to decode expressed feelings and thoughts from pictures of eyes. |
| Emotion recognition | |
| Ekman 60 [110] | Assesses the ability to recognise 6 prototypical facial expressions of emotion (happiness, surprise, fear, sadness, disgust, and anger) from pictures of faces modelling these emotions. |
| Emotion Hexagon test [110] | Assesses recognition of facial expressions of the 6 basic emotions of happiness, surprise, fear, sadness, disgust, and anger from computer-generated images morphed between facial expressions to create different levels of recognition difficulty. |
| Profile of nonverbal sensitivity [111] | Measures the ability to decode affective interpersonal nonverbal cues from the face, body, and voice tone. |
| Florida Affect Battery [112] | Assesses capacities for the recognition of emotion from facial expressions and tone of voice. |
| Facial Emotion Identification Test (FEIT) [113] | Assesses participants’ ability to identify and discriminate six emotions: happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, shame, and fear. |
| Bell-Lysaker Emotion Recognition Task (BLERT) [114] | Assesses the ability to recognise seven affective states from facial expressions, voice prosody, and upper-body movement cues. |
| Social judgement | |
| Social Awareness Test [115] | Assesses participants’ judgements of the appropriateness of behaviour in social settings. |
| Empathy | |
| Balanced Emotional Empathy Scale [116] | Measures emotional empathy. |
| Interpersonal Reactivity Index [117] | The IRI [93] contains four subscales: (1) perspective taking, (2) fantasy, (3) empathic concern, and (4) personal distress. Pairs 1 and 2 provide a measure of cognitive empathy and pairs 3 and 4 give a measure of affective empathy. |
| The Empathy Quotient [118] | The Empathy Quotient (EQ) is a 60-item questionnaire (there is also a shorter, 40-item version) designed to measure empathy in adults. A children’s version (EQ-C) derived from the (EQ) is also available. |
| Basic Empathy Scale [119] | The BES is a 20-item Likert-type scale that distinguishes between cognitive and affective empathy. |
| The Questionnaire Measure of Emotional Empathy (QMEE) [120] | The QMEE contains seven subscales and assesses an individual’s tendency to react strongly to another’s experience (there is also the Balanced Emotional Empathy Scale which is a follow-up of the QMEE and assesses emotional empathy). |
| Hogan Empathy Scale (HES) [121] | The HES is a 64-item instrument and has four separate dimensions: social self-confidence, even temperedness, sensitivity, and nonconformity. |
| Broader tests | |
| The Awareness of Social Inference Test (TASIT) [122] | Assesses emotion recognition, ToM reasoning, and the ability to make social inferences. |
| Faux Pas Recognition Test [123] | Measures ability to understand other people’s mental states and also to empathise with them. |
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