Depression after Stroke in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Table 1

Prevalence of poststroke depression in sub-Saharan Africa.

Reference	Country/location	Type of study	Definition of depression	Sample size	Female (%)	Age mean (SD)	Time since stroke	Prevalence (%)
Medical inpatient clinics
Napon et al., 2010	Burkina Faso	Observational; (2 months)	Montgomery and Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS).	167	52.3	56.9 (29–84)^a	2 weeks	38.9
Gbiri et al., 2010	Nigeria	Observational; (6 months)	Center for Epidemiological Study of Depression Scale (CES-D)	65	49.2	58.1 (15.7)	0–6 months	40.4
Medical outpatient clinics
Oladiji et al., 2009	Nigeria	Cross-sectional	Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale	51	39.2	52.5 (5.9)	5–18 months	25.2
Fatoye et al., 2009	Nigeria	Cross-sectional	Beck’s Depression Inventory	118	42.4	59.6 (10.5)	1–24 months	38.8
Ajiboye et al., 2013	Nigeria	Cross-sectional	Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN)/ICD-10	83	55.4	60.6 (13.2)	3–84 months	19.2
Gyagenda et al., 2015	Uganda	Cross-sectional	Patient Health Questionnaire-9	73	58.9	57.3 (20–99)^a	NR	31.5
Sarfo et al., 2017	Ghana	Cross-sectional	Center for Epidemiological Study of Depression Scale (CES-D)/Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)	200	47.5	62 (52–72)^a	12–48 months	36.5
Physical rehabilitation settings
Olayinka, 1998	Nigeria	Cross-sectional	Psychiatric Assessment Schedule (DSM III-R)	86	40.7	55.4 (9.1)	0–72 months	32.6
Mpembi Nkosi et al., 2013	Democratic Republic of Congo	Observational (1 year)	Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ9)	30	30.0	55.9 (12.7)	NR	26.7
Mpembi Nkosi et al., 2014	Democratic Republic of Congo	Cross-sectional	Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ9)	56	37.5	54.5 (12.6)	60.7% > 1 year	21.4
Ojagbemi et al., 2014	Nigeria	Case-control	Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry; (SCAN)/DSM-IV	130	53.9	59.5 (11.1)	3–24 months	41.5

NR = not reported; ^arange.