Depression after Stroke in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Table 3

Outcome of poststroke depression in sub-Saharan Africa.

Reference	Country/location	Type of study	Definition of depression	Outcome	Effect estimate	Effect (yes/no)
Howitt et al., 2011	Tanzania	Cross-sectional	Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale	Poor quality of life	−0.4^a	Yes
Gbiri and Akinpelu, 2012	Nigeria	Observational (12 months)	Center for Epidemiological Study of Depression Scale (CES-D)	Poor quality of life	−0.8^b	Yes
Akinpelu et al., 2013	Nigeria	Cross-sectional	Beck’s Depression Inventory	Poor sexual satisfaction; poor ejaculation	454.5^c	Yes
					236.5^c	Yes
Ojagbemi and Owolabi, 2013	Nigeria	Cross- sectional	Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN)/DSM IV	Functional dependency	3.1^b	Yes
Hamza et al., 2014	Nigeria	Observational (12 months)	Beck’s Depression Inventory	Poor quality of life	−0.2^d	Yes

^aPearson correlation coefficient; ^badjusted odds ratio in logistic regression; ^cMann–Whitney U test; ^dbeta for multiple linear regression.