Apathy and Reduced Speed of Processing Underlie Decline in Verbal Fluency following DBS

Table 3

Cognitive performance pre- and post-DBS.

	Pre-DBS	Post-DBS
Letter fluency (SS)	13.42 ± 4.89	11.54 ± 4.61	.01^a
Category fluency (SS)	12.31 ± 4.21	10.00 ± 4.99	.01^a
MMSE (/30)	28.64 ± 1.41	28.64 ± 1.68	1.00^a
WAIS-VIQ	111.21 ± 12.40	107.54 ± 15.93	.05^a
WAIS-PIQ	106.37 ± 15.17	104.04 ± 19.57	.50^a
RMT-words (/50)	46.81 ± 3.50	45.12 ± 5.35	.10^b
RMT-faces (/50)	41.88 ± 4.13	41.08 ± 5.68	.54^a
D&P-people delayed (/12)	7.21 ± 3.68	7.50 ± 4.30	.59^b
D&P-shapes delayed (/12)	10.50 ± 3.28	10.25 ± 2.82	.22^b
VOSP-silhouettes (/30)	22.81 ± 3.25	21.92 ± 3.91	.13^a
GNT (/30)	23.69 ± 3.42	23.69 ± 3.28	1.00^a
Stroop (/112)	91.81 ± 21.36	83.77 ± 22.94	.06^a
Vocabulary (SS)	12.71 ± 2.73	12.29 ± 2.61	.18^a
Hayling (SS)	5.68 ± 1.07	5.32 ± 1.52	.28^b
Brixton (SS)	4.91 ± 1.53	5.00 ± 2.28	.83^a
TEA EC (/7)	6.67 ± 0.96	6.75 ± 0.44	.85^b
TEA ECD (SS)	9.91 ± 2.66	8.96 ± 2.92	.15^a
MCST-categories (/6)	5.39 ± 1.16	5.17 ± 1.56	.55^b
TMT-B/A	2.32 ± 0.78	2.79 ± 1.02	.02^b
SS	9.62 ± 2.25	8.46 ± 2.82	.02^a
DSC (SS)	8.20 ± 2.52	7.48 ± 2.65	.22^a

Results are given as mean ± SD (^apaired t-test, ^bWilcoxon signed-rank, ). WAIS-III: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Third Edition [62]; RMT: Recognition Memory Test [64]; D&P: Doors and People (Baddeley, Emslie & Nimmo-Smith, 2006); VOSP: Visual Object and Space Perception Battery [66]; GNT: Graded Naming Test [69]; Stroop [70]; Vocabulary, WAIS-III [62]; Hayling: Hayling Sentence Completion Test [71]; Brixton: Brixton Spatial Anticipation Test [71]; TEA EC: Test of Everyday Attention, Elevator Counting [72]; TEA ECD: Test of Everyday Attention, Elevator Counting with Distraction [72]; MCST: Modified Card Sorting Test [73]; TMT: Trail Making Test [74]; SS: Symbol Search, WAIS-III [62]; DSC: Digit Symbol Coding, WAIS-III [62].