Author Year Country Setting Study design Measure Sample size 1st measure 2nd measure 3rd measure 4th measure Assessors Age (yr ) mean (SD), median (IQR) Define participation Altman et al. [46 ] 2013 USA Community Retrospective cohort of completers and noncompleters MPAI-4 Completers Baseline Discharge Postdischarge (3 months) Postdischarge (12 months) Not described Completers 51.10 (11.46), noncompleters 52.96 (52.96) Operational Awad et al. [47 ] 2014 USA Research laboratory Case series pretest, posttest SIS-P Baseline Postbaseline (12 weeks) PT 61 (8.31) Self-perceived participation Beaudoin et al. [48 ] 2013 Canada Community Prospective cohort study LIFE-H Baseline Postbaseline (6 months) Postbaseline (9 months) Not described 76.9 (8.1) DCP Bertilsson et al. [49 ] 2016 Sweden Inpatient and community Multicentre cluster RCT SIS-P, OGQ Client-centred Baseline Postbaseline (3 months) 12 months OT Client-centred 74.1 (9.5), usual 71.3 (10.1) ICF, meaningful activities/occupation Brown et al. [50 ] 2014 Canada Community Prospective cohort study, with intervention and interrupted time series PASIPD Baseline Postbaseline (2 months) Postbaseline (4 months) PT Intervention 65 (13), control 66 (13) Operational Butler et al. [51 ] 2006 USA Community Case study: pre-post test SIS-P Baseline Postbaseline (4 weeks) Postintervention (8 weeks) Postintervention (3 months) OT 44 ICF Chou et al. [52 ] 2015 Taiwan Inpatient and community Prospective cohort study SIS-P Baseline Baseline Postbaseline (2 weeks) OT 59.8 (13.0) Operational Combs-Miller et al. [53 ] 2014 USA Research laboratory and community RCT IMPACT-P Baseline Postintervention Postbaseline (3 months) PT Body weight-supported 56.20 (7.61), overground walking 65.50 (6.17) ICF Demetrios et al. [54 ] 2014 Australia Community Nonrandomized controlled study GAS High-intensity program Baseline Postintervention (6 weeks) Postintervention (12 weeks) Postintervention (24 weeks) Not described High-intensity 60.6 (48.6–65.9), usual care 61.4 (47.8–68.6) ICF Desrosiers et al. [55 ] 2006 Canada Community Prospective cohort study LIFE-H T1 Poststroke (6 months) Poststroke (2–4 years) OT T1 68.1 (14.1), T2 67.6 (13.7) DCP Desrosiers et al. [56 ] 2007 Canada Community RCT Minutes Experimental Baseline Postintervention OT Experimental 70.0 (10.2), control 70.0 (12.0) DCP Desrosiers et al. [57 ] 2006 Canada Community Prospective cohort study LIFE-H T1 Postdischarge (6 months) Poststroke (2–4 years) OT T1 68.1 (14.1), T2 67.6 (13.7) DCP Egan et al. [58 ] 2014 Canada Community Prospective cohort study RNL Poststroke (6 months) Poststroke (9 months) Poststroke (12 months) Poststroke (18 months) Not described 64.8 (13.3) ICF Egan et al. [59 ] 2015 Canada Community Prospective cohort study RNL Poststroke (6 months) Poststroke (9 months) Poststroke (12 months) Poststroke (18 months) Not described 64.8 (13.3) ICF Evan et al. [60 ] 2012 USA Community Case study pre-post test GPS Baseline Postbaseline (4 weeks) Postbaseline (8 weeks) Postdischarge (6 and 12 months) PT 56 ICF Flansbjer et al. [61 ] 2012 Sweden Community Prospective cohort study follow-up from RCT SIS-P Baseline Postintervention Postintervention (5 months) Postintervention (4 years) PT 4 years 66 (4) ICF Flansbjer et al. [62 ] 2008 Sweden Community RCT SIS-P Baseline Postintervention Postintervention (5 months) PT Intervention 61 (5), control 60 (5) ICF Guidetti et al. [63 ] 2015 Stockholm, Uppsala, and Gävleborg County, Sweden Community RCT SIS-P Poststroke (3 months) Poststroke (6 months) Poststroke (12 months) OT CADL 74 (10), UADL 71 (11) Operational Guidetti et al. [64 ] 2014 Stockholm, Sweden Community Comparative study no controls SIS-P Poststroke (3 months) Poststroke (12 months) OT, PT 74 (14) Operational Hamzat and Peters [65 ] 2009 Nigeria Community Longitudinal descriptive study LHS Poststroke (1 month) Poststroke (2 months) Poststroke (3 months) Poststroke (4 months) PT Not reported ICF Horgan et al. [66 ] 2009 Ireland Community Comparative study no controls FAI Poststroke (2 weeks) Poststroke (6 months) Poststroke (12 months) PT 69.7 (11.3) Operational Ilse et al. [67 ] 2008 Belgium Community Comparative study no controls NEADL, mRS Poststroke (2 months) Poststroke (4 months) Poststroke (6 months) PT 67.3 (11.2) Operational Baert et al. [68 ] 2012 Belgium Inpatient Case series pretest, posttest SIS-P, NEADL Baseline Poststroke (2 months) Poststroke (6 months) Poststroke (12 months) PT 57.2 (11.4) ICF Jalayondeja et al. [69 ] 2011 Thailand Community Prospective cohort study SIS-P Poststroke (1 month) Poststroke (3 months) Poststroke (6 months) Researcher/research assistant 61.9 (11.02) Operational Jalayondeja et al. [70 ] 2014 Thailand Community Prospective cohort study SIS-P Poststroke (1 month) Poststroke (3 months) Poststroke (6 months) Researcher/research assistant Fallers 65.4 (10.2), nonfallers 60.7 (11.2) Community participation Kluding et al. [71 ] 2013 USA Community RCT SIS-P Baseline Postintervention (6 weeks) Postintervention (12 weeks) Postintervention (30 weeks) PT Interventions 60.7 (12.2), control 61.6 (11.0) Operational Kootker et al. [72 ] 2017 Netherlands Community RCT USER-P Baseline Postintervention Postintervention (4 months) Postintervention (8 months) Health psychologist CBT 61 (45–79), CCT 61 (25–76) Operational Kutner et al. [73 ] 2010 USA Inpatient and community RCT SIS-P RTP Baseline Postintervention Postintervention (2 months) OT, PT RTP 51.0 (11.3), combined therapy group 61.9 (13.4) Operational Kwok et al. [74 ] 2011 Hong Kong Inpatient Observational cohort study LHS Baseline Poststroke (3 months) Poststroke (12 months) Not described 72 (65–77) ICF Laufer et al. [75 ] 2009 Israel Research laboratory and community Time series no control SIS-P Baseline Postintervention (8 weeks) Postintervention (12 months) PT Study group 55.0 (14.6) Meaningful activities/occupation Lennon et al. [76 ] 2006 Ireland Inpatient and community Pre-post test LHS Poststroke (6 weeks) Discharge from physiotherapy 64.3 (9.6) Operational Levin et al. [77 ] 2012 Canada + Israel Research laboratory and community Case series pre-post test MAL VR Baseline Postbaseline (1 week) Postintervention Postintervention (1 month) OT VR 58.1 (14.6), conventional 59.8 (15.1) ICF Lund et al. [78 ] 2012 Norway Community RCT SF-36 Intervention Poststroke (3 months) Poststroke (9 months) Researcher/research assistant Intervention 75 (7.2), control 79 (6.5) Operational Mayer and Reid [79 ] 2004 Canada Community Prospective longitudinal cohort study IPA Poststroke (3 months) Poststroke (6 months) OT 67.4 (13.4) ICF Mayo et al. [80 ] 2009 Canada and England Inpatient and community Longitudinal cohort study SIS-P Poststroke (1 month) Poststroke (3 months) Poststroke (6 months) Poststroke (12 months) Not described 66.5 (14.6) Operational Mayo et al. [81 ] 2011 Canada Community Reanalysis of RCT SF-36 Nurse case-manager group Postintervention Postintervention (6 months) Not described Nurse case-manager 70 (14), usual care 72 (13) Role participation Mayo et al. [82 ] 2013 Canada Community RCT SIS-P, RAND-36 Cycle group Baseline Postbaseline (12 months) PT Cycle 67.7 (14.4) ,exercise 67.8 (12.3) ICF, role participation Mercer et al. [83 ] 2009 USA Inpatient and research laboratory Prospective cohort study SIS-P Poststroke (1 month) Poststroke (3 months) Poststroke (6 months) Not described 58.7 (17.3) ICF Nijenhuis et al. [84 ] 2015 Netherlands Community Comparison within subjects, longitudinal SIS-P Baseline Postintervention (6 weeks) Biomechanical engineering 59 (13) Operational Page et al. [85 ] 2015 USA Research laboratory and community Comparison within subjects longitudinal no control SIS-P Baseline Postintervention OT 43.7 (6.43) Meaningful activities/occupation Pang et al. [86 ] 2005 Canada Community RCT PASIPD Baseline Postintervention OT, PT Intervention group 65.8 (9.1), control 64.7 (8.4) Operational Parker et al. [87 ] 2001 UK Community RCT NLQ Postintervention (6 months) Postintervention (12 months) OT Leisure 72 (65–79), ADL 71 (66–78), control 72 (65–78) Operational Penney et al. [88 ] 2007 Canada Not stated Single case study IPA, 6-minute walk test Poststroke (3 months) Poststroke (12 months) PT 62 ICF Pundik et al. [89 ] 2012 USA Not stated Pre-post test with interrupted time series no control SIS-P Baseline Postintervention Postintervention (3 months) Not described 60 (16.8) ICF Raghavan et al. [90 ] 2016 USA Community Mixed-method pre-post design with 1 year follow-up SIS-P Baseline Postintervention Postintervention (12 months) OT 52 (14) Operational Rochette et al. [91 ] 2013 Canada Inpatient and community RCT LIFE-H Baseline Postbaseline (6 months) Postintervention (12 months) OT, PT YOU CALL 63.2 (12.4), WE CALL 61.7 (12.7) DCP Sabariego et al. [92 ] 2013 Germany Inpatient and community RCT SIS-P Baseline Postintervention (1 week) Postintervention (6 months) Not described Experimental 55.3 (12.6), control 59.3 (12.7) ICF Sandberg et al. [93 ] 2016 Sweden Community RCT SIS-P Baseline Postintervention (3 months) Not described Intervention 71.3 (7.0), control 70.4 (8.1) Social participation Segura et al. [94 ] 2006 Brazil Research laboratory and community Prospective, comparative, no control SIS-P Baseline Postintervention (3 months) PT 52.9 Operational Singam et al. [95 ] 2015 Sweden Inpatient Prospective, longitudinal study FAI Poststroke (5 days) Poststroke (3 months) Poststroke (6 months) Poststroke (12 months) OT, PT 69.4 (13.8) ICF Stuart et al. [96 ] 2009 Italy Not stated Nonrandomized control trial SIS-P Intervention Baseline Postintervention (6 months) Not described Intervention 66.8 (1.4), control 70.0 (1.7) Operational Studenski et al. [97 ] 2005 USA Community RCT SIS-P Intervention Baseline Postintervention Postintervention (6 months) Blinded assessor Intervention 68.5 (9.0), usual care 70.4 (11.3) Operational Teoh et al. [98 ] 2009 Australia Community Longitudinal cohort study SIS-P Baseline Postbaseline (10 weeks) Postbaseline (6 months) Not described 67.5 (14.3) Social participation Tielemans et al. [99 ] 2015 Netherlands Community RCT USER-P Baseline Postintervention Postintervention (3 months) Postintervention (9 months) Researcher/research assistant Self-management 55.2 (8.9), education 58.8 (8.7) Operational van Mierlo et al. [100 ] 2016 Netherlands Community Longitudinal cohort study USER-P Poststroke (2 months) Poststroke (6 months) Poststroke (12 months) Poststroke (24 months) Researcher/research assistant 66.8 (12.3) Operational Vincent-Onabajo et al. [101 ] 2014 Nigeria Research laboratory and community Case series LHS Poststroke (1 month) Poststroke (3 months) Poststroke (6 months) Poststroke (9 months and 12 months) Not described Male 60.7 (12.4), female 58.1 (12.6) ICF Viscogliosi et al. [102 ] 2011 Canada Inpatient and community Comparative study no controls LIFE-H Poststroke (3 months) Poststroke (6 months) Poststroke (9 months) OT 76.9 (7.0) DCP Worrall et al. [103 ] 2017 Australia Inpatient and community Prospective longitudinal cohort study ALA Poststroke (3 months) Poststroke (6 months) Poststroke (9 months) Poststroke (12 months) Not described 66.1 (13.6) ICF Yang and Kong [104 ] 2013 Singapore Inpatient Prospective observational cohort study SF-36 Baseline Predischarge OT, PT 58.2 (10.5) Operational
