Sleep Quality and Emotion Regulation Interact to Predict Anxiety in Veterans with PTSD

Table 1

Demographics (mean ± standard deviation). BMI = body mass image; PHQ-9 = Patient Health Questionnaire version 9; FOSQ-10 = Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire version 10; NIH PROMIS = National Institutes of Health Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System anxiety items; TST = total sleep time; SE = sleep efficiency; NREM1 (%) = percent of the night in non-REM sleep stage 1; NREM2 (%) = percent of the night in non-REM sleep stage 2; SWS (%) = percent of the night in slow wave sleep; REM (%) = percent of the night in rapid eye movement sleep; AHI = apnea/hypopnea index.

	Controls	TBI only	PTSD only	PTSD + TBI	value	value
Demographics
Age	59.1 ± 13.3	56.2 ± 15.3	55.7 ± 13.5	48.8 ± 21.3	1.6	0.13
BMI	33.0 ± 6.8	33.0 ± 7.5	32.2 ± 5.4	29.3 ± 5.0	1.0	0.42
Gender (% male)	89.4	90	80.1	100	2.7	0.45
Mental health and quality of life
NIH PROMIS	16.0 ± 3.1	14.4 ± 4.3	13.0 ± 3.6	10.9 ± 4.0	10.6	<0.001
PHQ-9	6.6 ± 4.8	8.7 ± 4.7	13.3 ± 5.6	14.0 ± 7.1	15.0	<0.001
FOSQ-10	15.9 ± 3.1	14.9 ± 3.7	10.9 ± 3.0	12.3 ± 4.3	15.6	<0.001
ISI	12.0 ± 6.1	13.7 ± 5.04	17.2 ± 5.9	18.5 ± 5.4	6.8	<0.001
Objective PSG-derived sleep metrics
TST (min)	294.3 ± 101.1	313.4 ± 67.9	311.2 ± 89.0	286.4 ± 113.5	0.4	0.76
SE (%)	69.0 ± 18.7	72.9 ± 13.9	71.5 ± 18.6	65.4 ± 22.7	0.5	0.69
NREM1 (%)	12.1 ± 5.7	12.7 ± 4.9	11.6 ± 5.4	10.1 ± 3.8	0.6	0.65
NREM2 (%)	42.5 ± 15.7	46.1 ± 15.3	46.2 ± 13.7	38.7 ± 20.3	0.8	0.49
SWS (%)	1.7 ± 4.2	1.2 ± 3.1	1.3 ± 3.8	1.5 ± 2.5	0.1	0.94
REM (%)	11.7 ± 7.4	11.8 ± 6.9	11.0 ± 5.7	13.7 ± 9.5	0.3	0.81
AHI	19.5 ± 20.0	13.7 ± 11.1	16.5 ± 11.7	18.5 ± 15.5	0.7	0.57