Cross-sectional secondary analysis of Chahine et al. [21]
[1] 10/66 DRG, modified CERAD, animal naming tests modified 10-word list recall, GMS, CSI-D [2] Self-reported on HTN, DM, CVD, smoking, PA [3] 3 consecutive measurements of blood pressures
Households Multi-stage cluster sampling
Age: OR 75–84 (95% CI: 1.46, 10.95); OR 85+ (1.84, 27.03) compared to age group 64-74 years Perceived insufficient income (vs. sufficient income): OR 3.90 (95% CI: 1.58, 9.60) No formal education (vs. formal education): OR 3.39 (95% CI: 1.71, 6.70) Uncontrolled hypertension (vs. no hypertension): OR 6.35 (95% CI: 1.60, 25.10)
Household, systematic random of total elderly years ()
Occupation and residence did not affect the prevalence or severity of dementia Age-specific dementia prevalence tends to double every 5 years after age 75 years and above
Prevalence of dementia did not differ significantly by gender, age, marital status, level of education, profession, current financial situation, or depending on the participation in the activities at the center
MES and MMSE Neuro exam of all positive cases—DSM-IV, Hachinski ischemic score
691
Household, multistage probability random sampling
CPRs were significantly higher in the following: Illiterate than literate participants (10.12 vs. 2.25 cases per 100 population, ) Urban than rural areas (7.1 versus 3.27%, ) Industrial than nonindustrial areas (13.23 vs. 1.99; )
Senior homes and Jordan University Hospital (52 dementia patients and 50 controls) >60 yrs
Risk for dementia: Educational —OR 3.29 () Illiterate—OR 6.29 () compared to education level more than 12 years No significant correlation between serum copper, lipid profile, and cognitive decline in elderly Jordanians Coffee intake has a protective effect against cognitive decline (6.25-fold lower risk)
King Abdulaziz University Hospital volunteers 171 outpatients with DM, matched with 70 controls without DM Age
Diabetics more likely to have cognitive impairment than nondiabetics (16% vs. 3%; ). With MoCA, 85% of the cases and 78% of the controls had abnormal results (). Among diabetics, there was no statistically significant effect found for glycemic control or DM duration on either test
Association between dementia risk and all the studied polymorphisms except PON1-Q192R was found to be significant APOE e4 allele—OR 4.32 () ACE I and PON1-L55M T alleles—OR 2.58 and 2.11 ( and ) GTICC haplotype associated with 9-fold dementia risk (), whereas AADTT seems to reduce dementia risk by 80% ()
Medical records of patients have dementia at tertiary care hospital from 1995 to 2010 Mean age 78.8
Comorbidities: 27.44% of patients have more than 3 risk factor comorbidities High prevalence of mixed dementia could be related to high prevalence of CVD risk factors like hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus among Saudis Stroke is reported in 15.03%
Prevalence of APOE genotypes in Lebanon was similar to that seen in Asian populations APOE genotypes not associated with hypercholesterolemia A significant difference between APOE genotypes in AD cases versus controls and versus Lebanese general population was seen E4 allele was approximately threefold higher in Alzheimer’s disease study patients when compared with the remaining individuals
MMSE: modified mini-mental state examination; CPR: crude prevalence rate; VaD: vascular dementia; MES: Memory and Executive Screening test; GDS: Geriatric Depression Scale; NINCDS-ADRDA: National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Association; NINDSAIREN: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and the Association Internationale pour la Recherche et l’Enseignement en Neurosciences; SMQ: short-memory questionnaire; BCST: Brookdale Cognitive Screening Test; A-IQCODE 16: Arabic Version of 16-item Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline for the older adults; DRG: Dementia Research Group; MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment; GMS: Geriatric Mental State Interview; CERAD: Consortium to Establish a Registry of Alzheimer’s Disease; NEUROEX: physical assessment and brief neurological examination; RUDAS: Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale.
