Behavioral and Cognitive Impacts of Mindfulness-Based Interventions on Adults with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review

Table 1

(a) Characteristics of single-group studies: research design and participants

1st author (date)	Research design	Age participant (y/o)		% males	% ADHD subtypes	% medication status	% comorbid disorders
Hesslinger (2002) [14]	Pre-post	19-44, ,	15	62.2	, ,	37.5 (MPH), 12.5 (other)	37.5 (MDD/Sx), 25 (social phobia), 25 (insomnia)
Morgensterns (2016) [42]	Baseline (T1), posttreatment (T2), 3-month follow-up (T3)	19–63, ,	98	31.6	,	74.7 (atomoxetine+central stimulants), 88.2 (psychoactive drugs)	71.1 (at least one comorbid DSM-IV diagnosis)
Zylowska (2008) [11]	Pre (T1) to post (T2)	, s = 10.9	24	38	, ,	63	83 (mood), 33 (AD), 33 (ODD), 92 (any)

(1) Statistics: n.r. = nonreported; y/o = years old;  = mean;  = standard deviation. (2) ADHD subtypes: ADHD = attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorders; I = inattentive; H = hyperactive; C = combined. (3) Comorbid disorders: AD/Sx = anxiety disorder or symptoms; ODD = oppositional defiant disorder; MDD/Sx = major depressive disorder or symptoms. (4) MPH = methylphenidate.

(b) Characteristics of single-group studies: intervention

1st author (date)	Intervention	Intervention length	Therapist	Informants
Hesslinger (2002) [14]	ST-based DBT+mindfulness components	2 h/week, 13  h	Psychotherapists trained in DBT	Self, objective
Morgensterns (2016) [42]	DBT (elements of acceptance, mindfulness, functional behavioral analysis, psychoeducation)	2 h/week, 14  h	Two clinical psychologists who are trained in CBT+DBT experienced from previous study phases (T.H.) or had clinical supervision from the experienced group leader	Self
Zylowska (2008) [11]	MAP+psychoeducation	2.5 h/week, 8  h+daily at-home practice	Experienced mindfulness instructor (D.W.)+ADHD researchers (L.Z. & S.S.)	Self, objective

Intervention: CBT = cognitive behavioral therapy; DBT = dialectical behavior therapy; MAP = mindful awareness program; ST = skills training.

(c) Characteristics of single-group studies: measures of outcome

1st author (date)	ADHD symptoms	Cognitive/executive function	Emotional disturbance	Quality of life	Academic performance	Mindfulness
Hesslinger (2002) [14]	ADHD-CL, SCL-16	Fluency, Stroop, DSS, KLT, d2-Test, WMS-R	BDI	n.r.	n.r.	n.r.
Morgensterns (2016) [42]	CADHDSC_SRF: ADHD symptoms (functional impairment, aggression irritability)	n.r.	BDI, BAI, PSS	AAQ-9, AAQoL, KSQ	n.r.	MAAS
Zylowska (2008) [11]	ADHD Rating Scale IV (adults), DSM-IV	ANT, TMT, DST, VOC	BAI, BDI	n.r.	n.r.	n.r.

(1) ADHD symptoms: ADHD-CL = Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Checklist; CADHDSC_SRF = Current ADHD Symptom Scale-Self-Report Form; DSM-IV = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition; SCL-16 = Symptom Check List. (2) Cognitive/executive function: ANT = Attention Network Task; d2-Test = selective attention; DSS = Digit Symbol Subtest; DST = Digit Span Test (WAIS-R); KLT = Konzentrations-Leistungs-Test; TMT = Trail Making Test; VOC=vocabulary subtest (WAIS-R); WMS-R = Wechsler Memory Scale-R (mental control, digit span, visual memory span). (3) Emotional disturbance: BAI = Beck Anxiety Inventory; BDI = Beck Depression Inventory; PSS = Perceived Stress Scale. (4) Quality of life: AAQ-9 = Adult Quality of Life Questionnaire; AAQoL = Adult ADHD Quality of Life Questionnaire; KSQ = Karolinska Sleep Questionnaire. (5) Mindfulness: MAAS = Mindful Attention Awareness Scale.