Review Article
Behavioral and Cognitive Impacts of Mindfulness-Based Interventions on Adults with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review
Table 2
(a) Characteristics of between-group studies (age and percentages only for ADHD groups with treatment (Tx)): research design and participants | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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(1) Statistics and design: n.r. = nonreported; y/o = years old; = mean; = standard deviation; HC = healthy control; N-RCT = nonrandomized control trial; RCT = randomized control trial; Tx = treatment; WL = waiting list. (2) ADHD subtypes: ADHD = Attention-Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders; I = inattentive; H = hyperactive; C = combined. (3) Comorbid disorders: AD/Sx = anxiety disorder or symptoms; AU = autism; BD = bipolar disorder; BPD = borderline personality disorder; ED = eating disorder; MDD/Sx = major depressive disorder or symptoms; ND = neurological disorders; OC = obsessive compulsive disorders. (4) PD = any personality disorder; Somato = somatoform disorder; SD = substance dependence; SUI\SI+suicidality: self-injurious behavior. MPH = methylphenidate. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(b) Characteristics of between-group studies: intervention | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Intervention: CBT = cognitive behavioral therapy; DBT = dialectical behavior therapy; MAP = mindful awareness program; MBT/MBCT = mindfulness-based training; PE = psychoeducation; ST = skills training. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(c) Characteristics of between-group studies: measure of outcome | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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(2) ADHD symptoms: ASRS (v1.1) = Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale; BAARS-IV = Barkley Adult ADHD Rating Scale-IV; BADDS = Brown ADD Rating Scales; BIS-11 = 11th version of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale; CAARS-S:SV = Conners’ Adult ADHD Self-Rating Scale; CAARS-SV = Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scales-Screening Version; CAARS-SR = self-report version of the Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scale; CAARS-INV = investigator rating version of the Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scale; DSM-IV-(SR/OR) = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (self-rating/other-rating). (2) Cognitive/executive function: ANT = Attention Network Task; BRIEF-A = Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning-Adult Version; BRIEF-ASR = Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult Self-Report version; CPT-2 = the Conners’ Continuous Performance Test-2nd edition; CPT-X = visual Continuous Performance Task; DEFS = Deficits in Executive Functioning Scale; DST = Digit Span Test (WAIS-R); TMT = Trail Making Test; WAIS-R = Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised. (3) Emotional disturbance: BAI = Beck Anxiety Inventory; BDI-II/BDI-II-NL = Beck Depression Inventory (2nd edition); BHS = Beck Hopelessness Scale; DERS = Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale; PANAS-X = Affect Schedule-Expanded form; STAI = State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; STAXI = State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory; WRI = Wender–Reimherr Interview. (4) Quality of life: AAQoL = Adult ADHD Quality of Life Questionnaire; GSES = Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale; MHC-SF = Positive Mental Health Short Form; OQ 45.2 = Outcome Questionnaire; QFS = questionnaire of social functioning; VAS = Visual Analog Scale (personal health status); WHOQoL-BREF = World Health Organization Quality of Life. (5) Mindfulness: MAAS = Mindful Attention Awareness Scale; FFMQ = Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire; KIMS = Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills; SCF-SF = Self-Compassion Short Form. (6) Academic performance: GPA = Grade Point Average. |