Nonpharmacologic Interventions for the Self-Management of Anxiety in Parkinson’s Disease: A Comprehensive Review

Table 1

Self-managed nonpharmacologic anxiety studies.

Authors	Study design	Study aim or purpose	Intervention	Control	Sample size		Anxiety tool	Statistical significance: yes/no
					Treatment	Control
Experimental
Dobkin et al. [33]	RCT	Secondary	Tailored CBT	Usual care	41	39	HAM-A	Yes
Craig et al. [35]	RCT	Secondary	Listening to relaxing music	NMT	18	14	BAI	Yes
Sajatovic et al. [30]	RCT	Secondary	Self-managed program + exercise	Exercise	12	12	COVI	No
Advocat et al. [38]	RCT	Secondary	Mindfulness-based lifestyle classes	Waitlist	24	33	DASS-21	No
Veazey et al. [40]	RCT	Secondary	Telephone or in-person CBT	Usual Care	4	3	BAI	No
Quasi-experimental
Dobkin et al. [41]	Uncontrolled intervention pilot study	Secondary	Telephone-based CBT	—	20		HAM-A	Yes
Troeung et al. [42]	Nonrandomized intervention	Primary	PD-specific CBT	—	18		DASS-21	Yes
Berardelli et al. [43]	Nonrandomized intervention	Outcome	Group CBT classes	—	7		HAM-A	Yes
Dissanayaka et al. [70]	Uncontrolled mixed-methodfeasibility study	Primary	Tailored mindfulness-basedCT	—	14		GAI	Yes
Dissanayaka et al. [46]	Uncontrolled intervention study	Primary	Tailored CBT (dyad of pts & caregivers)	—	12 = patients		GAI; HAM-A; IQAD	No/yes/yes; Yes (all times); No (all times)
					10 = caregivers
Dobkin, Allen, & Menza [48]	Uncontrolled intervention pilot	Outcome	Modified & individualized CBT	—	13		STAI	No
Calleo et al. [50]	Nonrandomized intervention study	Secondary	Individualized, telephone, or in-person CBT	—	Patients = 8 telephone; 8 in-person		SIGH-A	No
					Caregivers = 4 telephone; 2 in-person
Shinmei et al. [53]	Uncontrolled feasibility study	Secondary	Culturally adapted CBT		18		HADS	No

Note: RCT = randomized controlled trials; N = number; Tx = treatment; NMT = neuromuscular therapy; CBT = cognitive-based therapy; BAI = Beck Anxiety Inventory; HAM-A = Hamilton Anxiety Measure; COVI = Covi Anxiety Scale; DASS-21 = Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21; GAI = Geriatric Anxiety Inventory; IQAD = Informant Questionnaire for Anxiety in Dementia; STAI = Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; SIGH-A = Structured Interview Guide for HAM-A; HADS = Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; OASIS = Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale.